Wilkes-Barre Sunday Independent

              A   Paper  For The  Home
INDEPENDENT
The Weather
Sunday;  Cloudy, shower*. Monday: Cloudy,
34TH YEAR, NO. .30—52 P.AGES
WILKES-BARRE, PA., SUNDAY, MAY 26, 1940
PRICE TEN CENTS
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15 French Generals 'Purged
ONL Y10 MILES FROM TRAPPED ALLIED ARMY GERMAN PLANES BOMB ENGLAND. 12 WOUNDED
5tli Column Arrests In Ireland
Society Woman and Others Charged with Aiding Parachutist
ENLARGING ARMY
De Valera Warns Country Must Prepare To Defend Liberty
\ Common Cause
Dublin, May 2.'5 (UPi Prime Minister Eamon de Valera warned tonight that Eire has been endan¬ gered by the fast-spreading Euro¬ pean wnr and must be prepared to defend   her   liberty.
Pe Valera spoke ns Ireland wna rocked by rumors of an imminent IRA uprising and sensational charges that a prominent young society matron and others, some still unrevealed, plotted to aid a German   parachute   invasion.
Every precaution wns being taken both in Eire and Northern Ireland against a move by the Irish Republican Army or the Germans or  both.
Speaking at Galway tonight, dc Valera said that the range of mod¬ ern airiilanes and the developmentn of the past few days had brought Ireland into the war zone. Tn Fight Any  Invader
"If any military power considers thst sn advantage can be won by brushing aside the rights of the Irish people or their neutrnlity." said De Vnlern, "it would not hesi¬ tate tn do It."
Ireland hns been endangered dur¬ ing the pnst few days, he nsserled, and mus'- be prepnred to defend her liberty and fight anyone who might try to invade the country,     j
The nation, he said, must muster ! sufficient   armed   strength   to   pro¬ tect  against  an  attack   and   use   it to the maximum if necessary. j
"We want the young men of the country." he said, "to join the armed forces and form a firsl line volunteer unit throughout Ihe coun¬ try to do  local  security work."
"Unfortunately there is a small group which nppenrs to be meditat¬ ing treason," snid de Valera. "1 tell them ns one man thnt such a state of nffnirs will not be toler¬ ated, thnt instead of being patriots they will be behaving as nothing hut trnitors." I
Society Woman Arrested |
De Vnlern's reference was to the uncovering of the sensationni plot In which it is nlleged thnt Mrs. Iseult Stuart, n tall attractive brunette of ,'?.'i. mother of two chil¬ dren nnd wife of a plnvwright. wns being held on chnrges of such gravity   thnt   th
interesting   picture   shows,   somewhere   behind   French   front   lines,   a
nun   nnd   n   soldier   woiking   side   hy   side   in   the   fields,   preparing   a
summer vegetable rrnp.    Nun  is nf the  Order of St. Joseph.
Armg Gives First Report On Broken Gate in Dike
General Robins Tells Events Which Gave Kingston Flood
These Questions Were Asked
The first official report on the break in the temporary dike gate across the railroad tracks at the Atlantic   Refining   Company   below
Kingslon, which collapsed on April | I to flood Kingston nnd part of j Edwardsville, hns been submitted lo Congressman J. Harold Flannery by Brigadier-General Thomns M Robins, nssislant to the Chief of Army  Engineers. j
The report is in respon.se to a re¬ quest for an explanntlon by Con¬ gressman Flannery, which first ¦ was followed by a visit here shortly after the flood by Major General Julian L. Schley, chief of engineers, nnd questions that twice hnve np- peared on the editorinl page of the state   prosecutor   Sunday Independent,
said they could hardly be overesti- Since this report is mainly a de- mated, : tailing of events, it is expecled that "It took fiOO vears to get the another will follow which will ex- Rrlti.«h out of tills country." said plain why and how the events de- Ihe prime minister. "We don't j tailed took place. want them or any others to come j Following is Genernl Robins' re¬ in here  ngnin.    Bit  by  hit  we   got : port:
Following are the questions which the Sunday Independent's editorial page twice has asked the Army Enginers to answer:
"1. Why was a railroad spur permitted to leave a gap in  the  dike?
"2. Why was the cinder road¬ bed of that railrond per¬ mitted to remain ns n bnse upon whicli to build n gnte to close that gap?
"3. Were any special favors involved or pres^re used to  create  such  hazards?
"4.- Are there any OTHER spots in the immense flood control system which may some day give way and make waste the millions of dollars spent lo protect Wyoming  Valley?
"Tliese are simple questions and   deserve   complete   answers."
rid nf all interference and will con tinue   until   we   have   succeeded   in our   ultimate   object   of   achieving the unity of Ireland."
He dednred that Ireland did not wish   lo  he  the  cals   paw   of  any 'Continued   nn   Page   A-2)
Honorable  J.   Harold  Flannery, House  of Representatives, Washington,  D.  C. My denr Mr. Flannery:
Please   refer   to   your   letter   of April 4, 1940, concerning the flood
Illinois Crowd Lays Siege to Communists Hiding in Court House
Pekin,   III.,   May   28   tUP>    Ten; they  were  attacked  by  a mob  of men   aiid   women   who   hnd   been   vigilantes  while   distributing  pam- mobhed    while    distributing    Coni- tnunist   literature   made   n   40-foot
tlnsh lo the safely of the Tazewell County Jail tonight through a closely packed mob that hooted Ind jeered  them.
Aided hy deputy sheriffs, they fan In single file along a path two feet wide from the county courl house across n driveway to the cells, where they were immediately locked  In   for  their  own  snfety.
phlcts praising Communist Leader Earl Browder nnd ncciising Presi¬ dent Roosevelt of moving the United   States   toward   war.
Sheriff Guy Donahue offered to escort them to the city limits or to barricade them in the jail over¬ night without charges against them. They chose to stay in the jaii.
The vigilantes consisted of mem¬ hers  of the Americnn  Legion  post,
Hundreds of persons pncked in I Veterans of Foreign Wars and the city square nround the court other locnl organizations who had hnu.se hl.ssed nnd sounded automo- joined in n pact severnl montiis hile hoiTis H.?o  to  drive  out  any  Communists
Dislrihuttlng  Pamphlet. i "i^" appeared in  Pekin
The group had fled to the court
house    three    hours    earlier   nfter
In Today's
Editorial ('¦•wsined i'oiitirs .Movies Storv  	
Sporta 	
Social   	
lasue
C—2
c-2
 A—IH
 B—l
Alleged for Peace
John Leslie, leader of the Com¬ munist group, snid the distribution of pnmphlets was done t(» test the Bill of Rights and as.serted, "any attempt to link us with n Fifth Column Is to be very deeply re¬ gretted."
One of the pamphlets read. "Pic¬ ture your son, fellow American, a mangled stump of flesh in No Man's Land for the greater profit of the  House of Morgan."
on the Susquehanna River whlrh occurred shortly before that dale, and to the reply of the Depart¬ ment dated April 12, 1940, In which it was stated that you would be informed further con¬ cerning the situation al the temporary gnte in the Kingston area upon receipt of detailed in¬ formation from Colonel Jarvis J. Bain, the Division Engineer of the f!niith Atlantic Division. Col¬ onel Bain's report has now heen received, together with informa¬ tion submitted by Lieut. Col. Hol¬ land L. Robb. the Acting Di.stricl Engineer. Baltimore, Mr.
Prior to March 31, 1940, the Kingston-Edwardsville levee had been completed from its up¬ stream end in Kingston to a point near the intersection of the levee with the railroad siding into the Atlantic Refining Com¬ pany in Edwardsville. From this sidiiig to the end of the levee at the Delaware. I.nckawannn and Western Railroad, malerinl for the levee had been placed nenr Its finnl locntion, bul no chnnges had been made In the railroad tracks or in the railroad fill in the vicinity of the siding. A.» the elevation of the siding is nbout 11 feet below the top of the near¬ by levee, a permanent closure structure consisting of concrete abutments, steel I-beam stop (Continued  on   Page   A-2>
War .Maps
A map of the present situa¬ tion will be found on Pnge A-14, while on Pnge B-4 is another of the series of large informa¬ tion maps of the warring na¬ tions  of   Europe.
Battle Is Raging in Channel
Royal Air Force And Fleet Engaged In Constant Action
NAZIS HIT COAST
Churchill Calls for 'Supreme Effort' As Perils Increase
By WALLACE ( ARROIJ<
London, Mny 2.'>. (UP) Winston Churchill tonight called for a "supreme effort" to save Britain and Its heritage of liberties as channel winds bore the smoke and thunder of battle over the Kenti.sh Coa-st, Germnn bombs fell In East Anglia wounding 12 civilians nnd the peril of imminent invasion waa in every mind,
"The gravity of the situation deepens hour bv hour," .said the Prime Minister. "We are all called upon to make a supreme effort to defend the country, to preserve our liberties and to win the war."
On the military front, .spoke.snien said that a large number of Ger¬ man tanks had penetrated behind the Allied northern line but that the exact number was nol known. It was explained that at the re¬ quest of the French high command no specific information will be given whicli might aid the Ger¬ mans who were lielieved to be hav¬ ing difficulty maintnining up-to- the-minute communications with the most advanced fighting unita.
Fierce Fighting In (liannel
However, the fighting In the channel men wns continuous nnd fierce, British nnval units were known to be In action blasting nt Germnns on the shore nnd tho Germans were replying with fairly large guns.
The air ministry said thnt bot|> RAF bombers and the fleet air arm was in action bombing Ger¬ man concentrations in the channel area and reported that a German torpedo boat had been sunk off the Dutch   coast,
Navnl planes were reported to have put three German tanks out of action while the coastal com¬ mand blasted again at the Rotter¬ dam  oil  depots.
Henvy bombers were continuous¬ ly engaged in nttacklng points along the German communications lines.
Churchill's words, addressed In a letter to British union leader.s, were pinced against this situation:
].- British    military    spokesman called   the   situation   In   Northern France  most grave. Navy Shelling Boulogne
2. Heavy gunfire in the vicinity of Boulogne   held by the Germnns
nnd Cnlnis rattled windows on the British side of the channel. British naval units were reported shelling Boulogne nnd Its ap- ponches. British fighter planes (Continued  on  Page  A-II^)
Desperate Fighting to Cut Gap
Planes, Artillery Blast at German Lines to Channel
FRENCH OPTIMISTIC
Claim to Hold Boulogne, Calais In Terrific Battle
By M. S. HA.NULER
Paris,  May 215,   (UP)    Allied  air
units blasted at German forces in
the channel region tonight aji heavy
artillery   fire  was   Inld  ncross   the
! German line of communicntions in
I nn  effort  lo cut  off supplies  and
I reinforcements.
I A military spokesman said that reports received at 6:1.^ p. m. (1:15
I p. m. EDT) showed both Calais and Boulogne still in French hands
' although a terrific battle was rag¬ ing in the whole channel area.
1 Allied air units nre blasting at German tank.s and mechanized units while from the sea British naval forces are bombarding roads and points held by the Germans.
: Barrage on Nazi Corridor
Heavy artillery barrages were being laid across the German cor¬ ridor in Northern France in nn ef-
t fort to interrupt, movement of siip-
j plies     and     reinforcements.      The
1 newspaper L'Intransigient reported that the Germnn corridor had been nnrrowed to 10 miles between Bnpniime and Perrone. However, n military .•pokesmnn revealed thnt
I the Germnns still were moving mechnnized units and truckloads of troops up townrd the const where fighting was in progress, he said, nt severnl points including Bou¬ logne and Calais.
The evening communique of the high  command  said:
I    "In the north the situation con-
! tinues without importnnt changes. Our troops are fighting with vigor and fury which indicates the in¬ tensity of the enemy effort and are inflicting henvy losses on the Germans   in   every  encounter.    Be-
I tween   the   Ai.sne   nnd   the   Meuse
I activity continues as fierce as ever.
' However, since yesterday we domi¬ nate  the  enemy."
• The military spokesman said thnt the Belginns were resisting strong¬ ly againat  enemy attacks  of grent
1 strength   in    the   Courtrai    region.
I where  the  Germnns  today  Inunch-
! ed some of their strongest blows. It appeared, it wns snid, thnt the Germnns were striving to roll up the left flank of the Allied northern army,
A Belgian counterattack was snid to hnve kept Germnn progress to a minimum. The possibility wna admitted thnt the Germnns may hnve tnken Vimy Ridge but henvy fighting was said to be going on in  this  area.
The British were said to be driv¬ ing  from  the north  from  positions at  Arms  nnd   Bapaiime   while   the (Continued  on  Page  A-l.%i
Britain Next, Sag Nazis, With 'Secret Weapon'
New Drives lo Destroy Trapped Army; Claim Boiiloifiie, Calais. Leaving Allies but Three Ports on Channel
By JOSEPH W. ORKiG, ,IR.
Berlin, May 2.S (UP) Germnny and capture of Boulogne, Ghent an piece-meal destruction of a French, 1,000,000 men by great wedge stroke
The next major step wns expecte Authorized  military  quarters  said in  the very  near  future  and  th;it weapon" from which "the greatest
Gerinan thrusts were said here to have sliced off two-thirds ot the ground which the Allies originally held In Flanders, Picardy and Western Belgium, The Germans said the Allied northern force, com¬ prising the British Kxpeditionary Force, the 1st, Tth and 9tli French armies nnd two Belgian divisions is now bound firmly hy n steel ring of powerful (;erinnn mechanized and infantry divisions. But Three Ports l.eft
With Boulogne fallen and Calais surrounded. the'Gcrmans said the remaining Allied outlets to the sea -Dunkirk. Oslend and Zeebrugge nre being heavily bombed from the air.
Two Belgian ports Zeebrugge and Oslend -said thp Germans, are in imminent peril because of the German drive in Belgium. With the occupation of Ghent and Cour¬ trai and the German breakthrough along the River Lys. it was be¬ lieved here that the Allies will be forced to fall back to the Vser Canal Ihe line held b.v the Bel¬ gians during the greater part of the  World  War.
A retreat to the Yser Canal would   force  the  Allies  to  give  up
claimed  the  encirclement  nf Calais 1 Courtrai tonight In the attempt nl Briti.sh and Bel>;ian nrm.v of possibly s into Ihe Allied northern lines, d here to be nn attack on England, tonight   that   this   nttnck   will  come it  will  employ  nn  "absolutely  secre surprise can be expecled." 1 both Zeebrugge and Oslend. allow¬ ing  the  German  air   force  to  con¬ centrate   its   efforts   on   the   single port  of Dunkirk which would then be the  sole  clear  channel  port  for arrival   of  Allied   supplies  and   for evacuation, should that be ordered. I Trying to Split Army I     Meantime,   other    powerful   Ger¬ man   llirusts   are   being   made   In an   effort   to   split   up   the   Allied I nrm.v.    One thrust was made north I from   historic   Vim.v   Ridge.    Here the  Germans  claim  to  have  thrust all   the   way   nnrth   to  the  channel al  Gravelinrs  along   the   height  ot land   which    runs    frnm   Vimy   to : Lillers   and   St.   Omer. I     This  thrust,  il was snid,  cut  off I Calais    from    the    main    body    of ' Allied   troops   and   gives   the   Ger¬ mans   positions   on   either   side   ot the  port,  the  closest  in  France  to England,    Gravelines    is    a    small port about  equidistant  from  (Calais and  Dunkirk,    ll  is  approNiiiiately ; 12   miles   from   each.    Boulogne   is 18   miles   from  Calais.
Another Germnn  thrust Is  being
made on either side of Doual.   The
i Douni   drive   Is   toward   the   north.
j It   is   believed   that    the   Germnns
I (Continued on Page A-15)
Silent on Fate of Gamelln
Sweeping Shakeup Hits Army Leaders In Midst of Battle
BRINGS SENSATION
Change of Warfare To Assault Called Partial Explanation
F.R.1NIS BOARD ITALY CONTINUES TO CO-ORDINATE   TO SEETHE WITH NATION'S DEFENSE RUiRS OF WAR
England Attacked Again; RAF Bombing Germans
I.,ondon, May 26 (Sunday) (IIP)—Another air raid alarm waa sounded tiir an hour and 50 minutes in East Kent today and It WHS reported that a Oerinan airplane dropped some bomhs In the sea off the Kentish coast without doing any damage.
Renidents of an Kast Kent town said one presuMinhly Oerman plane was henrd overhend during the uarning but that no antl- airrraft fire had been audible.
It WHS reported that nnli-alrrraft guns shot down one of threo (iernian bombers and Ihat Itai flaming HTeckage had heen seen t'   fall Into the sea.
rhe.v said the sky wna aglow In the direction of the southeast EngliKh coast for 20 minute* before the alarm was sounded in East Kent hut that the flashes and flare* they saw had faded out by  the time of  Ihe  warning.
British  fighter planes were seen heading out to eek.
RAF Attacking Germnns i
London,    May   25    (UP)-British | bombing   planes,   continuing   their attack on enemy concentrations in Germany, B'rance, Belgium and the | Netherlands,    hit    oii    tanks    and j started two fires in Rotterdam and | heavily  bombed German  motorized units    outside    Boulogne,    an    air ministry communique said tonight.
The   communique   covered   aerial iclivity last  night nnd loday.
Direct hits w»re scored today on [
the oil storage tnnks In Rotterdnm, the ministry aaid, and when the RAF fliers ieft the aren, two large fires were  burning there.
The communique nlso disclosed further large-scale operations last night in Northeastern France, Southern  Belgium nnd  tiermnny.
"The enemy's communications lines were disorganized over a wide nrea," tbe ministry said, "and mnny fires were ainrted. C^onsider- nble dnmage wns done nnd all our aircraft returned safely."
I    Seeking to Prevent Economic Upset; Will Speak Tonight
t Washington, May 25 (UP) — President Roosevelt nnnounced to- j day that he is planning n master I co-ordinating group to help enlist the full force of the nation In the defense program and nt the snme lime guard against rearmament upsetting Anierican social and economic structures.
This plan, patterned nfter the fnmous Council of National De¬ fense that functioned during the World War, was revealed while the President worked on the speech he will deliver .Sunday night, liis first Fireside Chal jince .Sept. 3. 19.'?9, when England and France declared war on Germany. The speech will concern the defense program he has instituted calling for a fleet of ."bO.OOO warplanes, ii ; fully equipped and trained shock army, new ha.ses. forts and a big¬ ger navy. It will be nt 9:,'tO p. m. E.S.T., Sumlay nnd will be hro;jd- cn.^t not only to the nation but to the world, in several languages. Defense Bills Nearly Ready |
Congression.'il work on the pro¬ gram eased up today after n week of rapid-fire nctivity in which Con¬ gress put initial approval of a large portion of the defense bills, costing almost .$4,000,000,000 for the nexl fiscal year. Congress' work will start again early next week nnd these huge expenditures and nuthorization bills nre almost cer¬ tain to be in Mr. Roo.sevelt's bunds for signature I'te next week or early the follow.ng week.
Mr.    Roosevelt's    plans    for    the national    defense    co-ordinating group envision bringing the full re¬ sources   of   transport,   commuiiicn- ^ tion,  industry,  finance,  ngricullurc. | Inbor   and   the   con.sumers   behind the   rearmament   program.     White Hou.'ie Secretary .Stephen T. Kcarly emphasized  that   the   group   would be   u-sed ' to   aid   rather   than   to supercede    any    existing    govern¬ mental agency nnd he said that the I plan was in n fornintive state  and i that the personnel and date of or-j ganization    had    nol   been    deter- , mined.
Gov. William D. Leahy of Puerto Rico, former chief of naval oper¬ ations, wns mentioned immediately In speculnlion ns to the co-ordinn- tor. He visited Mr. Roosevelt yes¬ terdny nnd reported progress on nrming Puerto Rico, known ns the Gibraltar of the Cnribbenn. Plan Pilot Training
Throughout the day.  government (Continued on Page A-lbi
Suspend Shipping, Mobilize Nation; Vatican Acting
By RKVNOLIIS PACTiARO
Rome, May 2.V (UPi Italy seethed with rumors of Impend¬ ing involvement in the war to¬ night as four significnnt develop¬ ments took place, including sus¬ pension of westbound trans-Atlantic shipping. Major developments were: l.-Luigi Cardinal Maglione, Vnt- Icnn secretary of state, in an un¬ precedented communication to all foreign powers accredited to the Holy See, asked them to state if they wished refuge within the wail.s of the Vatican if there should be war. Shipping SiiMiiended
2. The Italian Line, operator of the Rex and other huge trnns- Atlnntic ships, suspended nil ship¬ ping from Italy, but the nnnounce- nipiit ailded that il would be re¬ sumed ,Iiiiie 10. (Some circles hnve considered the cruitinuance or non- continuance of normal Italian ship¬ ping n barometer by which tognuge ^ Italy's intent toward the wnr. The ' Conte de Savoia of the Italian Line sailed on schedule easthound from New York today, however, with bul  IKO   passengers  aboard!
3. A decree providing civil mob¬ ilization and bestowing on the gov¬ ernment the power to assume still greater nntional strength under emergency comlitions was publish¬ ed in the official gazette. The emergency powers act, already pas.sed by the Senate, was given official status by its publication in the gazette under the approving signatures of the King, the Duce and  the Council  of Ministers.
4. Under-Secretary of War Obiildo Soddu in a messnge to the Italian infantry expressed his faith in the soldiers in "this present mo¬ ment in the country's destiny" when Ihey were ready to "march towards new goals of glory." Strict .Mobilization
Principal provisions of the mob¬ ilization decree are;
Partial or general mobilization of all property and individuals of both sexes over the age of 14. They are thus obliged to participate in the program of national defense and may be mobilized civilly and placed under the discipline of war.
The requisition of all services, syndicates  nnd  societies.
The reqiiisitioii ol nil materials, po.ss?sfions.  and  inventions.
Food  rationing
Limitation or prohibition of in- (Continued on Page A-151
^
Pnris, May 25. (UP) — Gen. .\laxime Weygand today relieved of their duties 1.1 French generals in the greatest shake-up the French army hns ever undergone in the midst of n crucial battle.
No explanation was olTered for the "purge," which caused a sen¬ sation when it was officially re¬ vealed.
The announcement aroused im¬ mediate speruiatlon as to the fate nnd whereabouts of Gen. Gustav Gamelln, commander-in-chief of Allied forces until he wns replaced a week ago hy Weygand.
Efforts to learn his whrrenhouts nnd stnlus since his displacement hnve met with oflicinl refusals of any information. Whether he was included among the group of 15 ousted generals was not revealed tonight.
.\mI« .Say Gamelln .Shot
! (Ftiimors have circulated for .«ev- ersl days, apparentl.v arising from German sources, to the effect that Gnmelin had been shot or had com¬ mitted suicide. The German radio todny asserted that a French ne'ws- pnper nt Lynn hnd said thnt "Iwo high French per.sonnlilies" had committed suicide and that four hnd heen shot without trial. Ths newspaper was nlleged to hnve said that these reports were mere rumors nnd should not he believed.)
The action of Weygand In re¬ moving the generals wns utterl.'v without French precedent. The nenrest thing to it was a wholesale "purge" of the French high com- mnnd undertaken hy Marshnl Joffre in ml.'l. But Jnffre's "purge" was in time of peace, whereaa Weygand's cnme nt a moment when French troopa were battlinsj ngninsl the gravest military threat the nation hnd faced since the days of 1R70,
One factor is known, however, Gamelin wns a follower and close nssoclnte of Joffre, Weygand comes from the school of Marshnl Foch. The Joffre school was one of defense nnd static warfare. Focii fnvored the offensive and the at¬ tack. No Complete Explanntlon
Naturnlly. under Gamelin men of his tncticnl nnd strntegic school held responsible posts in the French army. It waa speculated that Wey¬ gand, wishing to swing the army quickly over to the offensive school, determined  on   drastic  action.
Even this, however, wns not thought to be the entire explana¬ tion. After nil, Weygnnd himself wns in command of the French nrmy up to three yenrs ago, when he wns retired for nge and suc¬ ceeded  by  Gamelin.
It wns doubted that Gamelln would have so completely trans¬ formed the nrmy In three years ns to cnuse Weygand to flnd it necessary to make wholesale chnnges  in   the  high  command.
The French army ns present con¬ stituted has two marshals, about 20 nrmy corps commnnders, 100 division generals nnd 150 brigade generals.
In addition there are five army commanders.   20  division   general*, nnd   40   brigade   generals   in   the Colonial Army. Include Army roininandere
The discharged generals lnclu(!» commanders of armies as well sj commanders of corps and several divisional commnnders and ehiefi of large nrmy service units.
The official nnnouncement said:
"As a result of military opera¬ tions which already have had as ft consequence the nomination of Weygand ns chief of the theater o< operations, there have been import¬ ant chnnges in the high command.
"Today 15 generals were relieved of  their  command.  Including  gen¬ erals commanding armies as well ai army   corps   and   also   several   dl- (Continued on Page A-15)
Dispatches frnm Euro¬ pean countries are now subject    to   censorship.