Wilkes-Barre Sunday Independent

              A Paper For The Home
SUNDAY BSfDEF^EfeOT
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The Weather
C3oudy, moderate; Monday   cloudy   with occasional   showers.
39TH YEAR, NO. M~iO PAGES
VHiniD rRKBS win Kew* Scrrlise
WILKES-BARRE, PA., SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 1945
PRICE TEN CENTS
U.S.YflLL PERMIT JAPANESE TO STAGE THEIR OWN REFORMS
250,000 Genera! Motors Men
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*Asfc Labor Board for Strilce Vote
86,000 Already Idle In Drive for 30y« Boos#
Detroit, Itopt. tt—(UP)—The UnlUd Automobile Workera (CIO), the luUton's largeot union, fomwlly notUied the NaUonal Labor Rela- UoM Hoard by petition today that a labor diapute exist* hetwoon tieneral Motors and its tOOfiim membors einployed in tbe IM QM planta aerass the eountry and asked for a atrlke vote.
Tbe petition made It mandatory for tha bovd to arrange and super- rise an election among the designated union members without delay. If the vote ia for strike, and that waa a foregone conclusion, the strike may begin 30 days from today.
Allies Aho Had Them—But Good Ones
Walter   P.   Reuther..  UAW   vice president, filed the telegraphic pe¬ titions.   It waa the opening of the union's campaign for a 30 per cent wage Increase for ail its membera L.and    brought    a    new    crisis    in Bit>etroit's  explosive labor  situation pr In which more than M,000 workera already are idle liecause of strikes. CM Haa  No  Comment
A spokesman for Oneral Motora aald, "We have no comment to maiie at thla time."
Seventeen ef the GM planta are In Detroit and M elsewhere In Michigan.
Reuther's telegram told the board that, "a atrlke ia impending In the Michigan planta of the corpora¬ tion."
Reuther told the board that the first issue in the dispute waa "a 30 per cent wage increase to include corporation-wide equalltation and to provide a aocial security fund as well as a blanket Increase." Hit One at a Time
The union had announced Its Intention of asking atrlke votes in all plants of the automotive big three—GM, Chrysler and Ford. By taking atrlke ballots In all major plants and striking all planta of o.ie of the big three wUle per¬ mitting its competitors to operate, k the union hopes to get quick action f   on Its demands.
A   basis   for   pre-strike  negotta- I     tiona was seen in the corporatlon'a I     announced wlllingnens to discuss n smaller wage  increase.    President R.  J.  Thomas   had   indicated  the I     union would  be willing to accept !     "'even sllglit pay fralns" during tlie negotiations   for   the   30   per   cent pay  boost  but would  not compro¬ mise.
DOn Mom Walk Out Strikes   already   have   hit   units I     of the Ford  and  Chrysler aystem. A strike yesterday clcsed the DodKc truck  plant  of  Chrysler  when ROO workers quit because nnother 2,200 1 id been laid off for lack of parts from strlke-lMund supplying firms. Ford,  which has been  closed by a month-Ionjr strike at the Kelsey- Hayes Wheel Co., one of its major suppliers,   ordered    1,0(H>   workers .     back   to  work,   effective   Monday. I    Some 39.000 Ford employees, how- r,    ever,  still  were  idle  as   union  ef¬ forts to settle the wildcat walkout of    4,500    UAW    members     from Kelsey-Hayes    were    dropped   be¬ cause  the  company   had  cancelled Its   verbal   agreements   with   the local.
Reuther listed several other Is¬ sues In his NLAB telegram, the major one being a union proposal for a "successor clause" to pro¬ tect the seniority of workers in plants operated by the corpora¬ tion during the war, and which now will revert back to their orig¬ inal   manaKcmcnts.
He charged that the corporation had to date failed to set up rules for permanent and temporary transfers In such cases, Thc War I..abor Board. Reuther said, "had ordered insertion" of such a clause of the unlon'a agreement with GM  April  16^	
3RD FLEET IN OKINAWA; ENDS LEG OF U.S. TRIP
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San Francisco, Sept. 22. (UP)— The U. 8. Third Fleet arrived at Okinawa today (Sunday, Okinawa time), ending the first leg of ils journey to thc United States from Tokyo Bay, the Mutual Broadcast¬ ing System correspondent report¬ ed tonight.
EPES GIVEN LIFE FOR WIFE'S DEATH,
F
Taken to Prison; Jury Deliberates For Three Hours
Columbia, S. C. Sept 22 iVP)— Samuel C, Epea was found guilty of murder today for poisoning his wife and burying her In an army foxhole, but the Jury recommended mercy and he waa aentenced fo prison for life instead of to the electric chair.
Judge A. U Oaaton immediately pronounced sentence. The defense filed a motion for a new trial which will be heard by Judge Gaa ton. If he refuses, the appeal 'will be heard by ths atate aupreme court. Courtreem Packed
Epea watched the Jurors Intently aa they filed in. A huah fell upon a tense crowd Jammed inte the room, shoulder-to-shoulder.
Assistant county clerk C^harles O. Dantzler stepped forward and took the verdict from Jury fore¬ man Ben C. CToleman. merchant
He read it in a clear voice, as Epes stood at attention, his face a mask.
Judge Gaaton called him to the bar. "I pronounce the sentence of the court which is that you serve at hard labor upon the public works of Richland county for the rest of your life, or to confinement in the state penitentiary for a life period," he intoned.
Mrs, Travis Epes, who had been at her son's trial since Its start, gasped and slumped In her chair. When Epes was led away by two deputies^ she broke Into convulsive tears.
Her 18-year-oId daughter and her husband, a Richmond manufacturer, tried to comfort her.
Epes was moved to the white¬ washed state penitentiary a mile away to begin serving the life sentence. Wife's Parenta Absent
Mr. and Mrs. T. G. Williams, parents of the dead girl, were not present when the verdict was read.
It took exactly three houra for the jury of five farmers, four businessmen, two carpenters and a mill worker to reach their decision They took four ballots.
In an hour- long charge to the Jury, general sessions Judge A. L. Ga.ston said: "If you find him guilty, say tJ. If not, say so — and not more."
The defendant "Is clothed wilh a presumption of innocence as with a cloak from head to foot . . , the state must strip him of that prc- sumplion.
"If you have any doubt as to his guilt . . . find him not guilty . . . If he la guilty of malice afore¬ thought he is guilty of murder The sentence for murder Is death. You mav reduce the punishment (Continued on Page A-12^
Atomic Bomb Defense Is Claimed in London
London, Sept 22 (UP)—The Ixindon Dally Express said today an effective defense against the atomic bomb had  been perfected.
The device, based on the prin¬ ciples of British radar, German rockets and American fuses, is capable of destroying planes or rockets, carrying atomic cxplo- «ives, at any hclRht.
The key to the new defense Jjeapon is the "radio proximity ^se," the American invention that
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beat the V-1 weapons and brought down hundreds of Japanese auicide planes. It will make ack-ack of the future 100 per cent effective, thc Dally Express said.
According to the express, here's how the device works:
Defense crews send up a high¬ speed rocket on a Radar beam which already has picked up an incoming target. The beam enables the defense rocket to encounter tin attacking plane or rocket Im¬ pulses from a tiny transmitting set carried in the fuse will explode thc defense rocket when it gets close enough to its objective, therefcy exploding the atomic bomb. Even If the atomic substance Is not ex¬ ploded, the mechanism for seltinK it off would be ruined by the blast. Ithe express said.
Sixth Army GoingAshore On Kyushu
4
Royal Navy midget submarine cuts through the water at full apeed in Sydney Harlior, Aiu¬ tralia, where the British Fleet Is
based. Use of craft against the Japs haa Just been announced. Varying in length from 30 to DO  feet  auba  have  an  enviable
record against Nazi battleships. Prize hit was against the Tirpltz later sunk by RAF while in Norwegian waters.
Third of Refineries Are Closed by Strikes
Fuel Famine Spreads; Lumber Strike Hits Post-War Home Plans
ailcago. Sept 22 (UP)—Th« motor manufacturing city of De¬ troit, beset with 75 strikes which have made more than 76,000 work¬ ers idle, today joined Toledo, C, and some other sections of the country In rstloning gasoline be¬ cause of a strike that had cioaed more than a third of the nation's refineries.
Motorists in the East also faced a gasoline famine. Millions of gal¬ lons of motor fuel, destined for the Atlantic seaboard, were lied up In the southest oil areas. Only two big production centers were oper¬ ating at capacity—Oklahoma and California.
Almost 2,900 of Detroit's 3,400 service stations were closed. The remaining were expecied to pump oul the lasl few gallons Of fuel by Monday. C^ty officials and dis¬ tributors asked that the stations' reserve supply be saved for essen¬ tial users, on a voluntary basis. Most dealers were co-operating. Seek Voluntary Rationing
'Voluntary rationing was request¬ ed tn the Calumet River Industrial section of Northwestern Indiana, where half the gasoline output was stopped by a strike In Ave refiner¬ ies. The reserve In motor fuel bulk plants in the area, which fur¬ nish most of the easoline for Chi¬ cngo motorists, was slowly diminish¬ ing.
Voluntary rationing began earl¬ ier in Toledo, which also was using Its reserve supply for essential drivers.
Offlcials of the Office of Mobil¬ ization and Reconversion and of the OPA denied reports they were cunsldcring a nation-wide appeal for gasoline rationing.
Other industries were hit by labor disputes. Lumbermen Call Strike
Post-war home construction was threatened by a lumber strike in thc Pacific Northwest. Spme 60,000 AFL lumbermen set 12:01 a. m. (PWT) Monday to walk off their jobs. Another 30,000 CIO lumber¬ men voted to strike. No date was set.
In the automotive Industry the United Aulomobile Workers (CnO) petitioned the National Lal}or Rela¬ tions Board for a strike vote in the widespread General Motors Corporation system.
Petroleum Industry officials said at   least   a   third   of   the   nation's gasoline production had been shut off. Washington to Act
The Increasing crisis threatening transportation was reflected In Washington. As the ¦wave of oil strikes left more than 2.'i,000 petroleum Industry employees Idle, Edgar L. Warren, director of the federal conciliation service, map¬ ped plans for a conciliation con¬ ference between union and In¬ dustry officials beginning here Tuesday.
Warren said the conference would lose no time discussing the 30 per cent wage boost demanded by OWTU. It will be presided over by Colorado Supreme Court Just- Ice William L. Knous. who will be assisted hy two conciliation coir. (Continued on Page A-iJ)
Valley Gas Supply Is Still Normal
None of the gasoline reflnertea supplying Wyoming Valley with motor fuel have been closed by strikes and executives of local companies said last night that the outlook is good.
While the picture could change entirely in 48 hours, it was re¬ ported that the normal flow of gasoline to this section was being maintained,
"None of the refineries on the 'fast (>>ast have gone out," the general manager of one of the rigger companies said last right "We don't anticipate any trouble. The valley has a supply of gaso¬ line sufficient to meet normal requirements of a week fo ten days in case the flow is cut off."
Distributors of the region have not been notified of an impend¬ ing shortage.
SIX BAKERIES CLOSED BY DRIVERS' STRIKE
Newark. N. J., Sept 22. (UP)— Two widespread delivery strikes halted bakery supplies from six major bakery firms In Northern Ncw Jersey today and threatened to close 250 stores of thc Great Atlantic and Paciflc Tea Company,
The bakery strike Involved 1,000 truck drivers of th.i Bakery Drivers and Salesmen Union, AFL who walked out demanding a one per cent increase in commissions.
E'
NEW CARRIER LOSES PLANE IN MANEUVER
Aboard USS Lake Champlaln at Sea, Sept 20, (UP)—(Dela.ved)- America's newest aircraft carrier, the Lake Champlaln, lost one of its planes today when a Grumman Hellcat waa forced down Into the sea during flight training ma¬ neuvers oft the Atlantic Coast.
The pilot and lone occupant of the fighter plane, Enaign fjeorgc L. Bevan of Monterrey, Calif., was rescued by one of the Champlain's two destroyer escorts. He was un¬ injured and was subsequently re¬ turned to the carrier by breeches tjouy.
Sevan's mishap was the only mar to a day of Intensive activity which saw virtually the full com¬ plement of nearly 100 fighter and bomber ships engage in mock aerial combat
Bcvan's plane had cleared the mammoth flight deck of thc T^odd million dollar carrier by only #few minutes when engine trouble sent him'toward the surface.
Neither time nor circumstances permitted a return to the Lake CHiamplain's deck. The dock was crowded with other ships roady for the takeoff, so Bevan headed for the destroyer and pancaked within a few hundreds of It. His ship went down within two minutes after striking the water, but by that time Bevan had extricated himself and Inflated his life jacket.
The Lake CThamplain, under thc command of Capt I.«gan C Ram¬ sey, will dock In Philadelphia on TTiursda.v, where It will be open for ' public Inspection.
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Foreign Ministers Unable to Agree On First Big Topic
By BRt'CE W. MUNN
London, Sunday, Sept 23. tUP)-- The Council of Foreign Ministers early today was reported making preparations to end its meeting.^ without having reached Important decisions on any of thc vital ques¬ tions  before It.
London newspapers said the con¬ ferences would close on a note of "dism»l failure" and "little prog¬ ress."
Hee Admission of Failure
A brief communique issued by the council last night said the Big Five representatives were takinK up "di.scussions of items on the agenda," interpreted by all Inform¬ ed sources as an admission that the foreign ministers meeting had deteriorated into a discussion of minor   problems.
It appeared that differences of opinion, particularly between Russia on one hand and the United States and Great Britain on the other, had led to an impasse.
The Sunday newspaper The Ob¬ server said a "major crisis" had de¬ veloped at the meetings, the heads of the delegations making desperate efforts to overcome it
The   Sunday   Dispatih   said   thc meeting had been "a dismal failure aa an Interim peace conference." Italian  Peare Snags  Nemlon
The ministers obviously hnd failed to agree on the first Im¬ portant subject on thc agenda -- a peace treaty with Italy. It was turned over to the deputies of the five foreign ministers after Russia had surprised the British repre¬ sentatives with a demand for con¬ trol of at least one of Italy'.s north African colonies, and U.S. Secretary of State James F. Bvrne.s. sup¬ ported by the Britiflh. h.nd hlunllv rejected Russia's demand for $600,000,000 reparations  from  Italy.
Anglo-American adamance in re¬ fusing to deal with any of the former enemy Balkan governments while their "undemocratic and un¬ representative" Russian - contrblled and sup[K)rted government re¬ mained in power, made signature of treaties with these nations vir¬ tually Impossible. .Meeting Canre||i>d
The first obvious sign of ex¬ treme tension at tho meetings came when Saturday morning's meeting was cancelled. After in¬ formal exchange of views, a plen¬ ary session was held late today.
Immediate cause of the crisis seemed to be a divergence of views between Russia and the western democracies regarding southeast Europe and- the unilateral eco¬ nomic treaty between Russia and Hungary,
The Sunday Times said the for¬ eign ministers were expected to reach an agreement on a Finnish treaty before the end of this week.
"Unfortunately,"     this      well-in¬ formed newspaper said, "much less progress seems to have been made (Continued on Page A-13)
Prisoners Released; MacArthur Orders More Arrests of High Jap Generals
By RAI..PH TEAT8ROTH
Tokyo, Sunday, Sept. 23. (UP) The U. S. Sixth Army prepared to go ashore in force on Kyushu Island today as Gen. MacArthur ordered the arrest of Gen. Nobu- yukl Abe, former governor gen¬ eral of Korea and the second high Japanese Asiatic military com¬ mander placed on his war criminal list
Complete controls over Japanese finances and politics were forecast as MacArthur ordered a complete financial accounting from the Japa¬ nese government and President Truman's special political adviser to Allied headquarters. George Atchcson jr.,  arrived  In Tokyo.
MacArthur's Inquiry into Japa¬ nese finances Included the im¬ perial household Itself and the vast fortune of Emperor Hirohito. which has ramifications through Japanese commerce and industry. Forming "Proletarian  Front"
Meanwhile, a semblance of dem¬ ocratic political life In prostrate Japan began to stir with 150 lead- era of former political parties meeting to organize a united, so- called   "proletarian"   front.
Prince Fumimaro Konoyc, how- ever, declared In a press confer ence that Japan was politically unready for free elections in Jan¬ uary as planned. Konoye is a former premier and minister with¬ out portfolio In the present gov¬ ernment.
Serious wrangling broke out in the cabinet as it met in extraor¬ dinary session with Premier Prince Naruhlko Higashi-Kuni to reor¬ ganize the vital central liaison council through which are carried out MacArthur's directives to the Japanese. Cabinet in Wrangle
Members of the cabinet clashed on whether the foreign office should retain control of the coun¬ cil or whether control should be entrusted to thc cabinet as a whole. It waa decided to leave the matter in the premier's hands and his plan for reorganization was approved.
"The schedule for occupation of Kyushu calls for the main forces of thc Sixth Army to go ashore to¬ day after thc last liberated Allied prisoners on the island are evacu¬ ated to waiting naval ships. Ad¬ vance forces of the 2nd and 5th Marine divisions already havc oc¬ cupied  Nagasaki  airdrome.
Abe's arrest was ordered 24 hours after that of Gen. Kenjl Doihara, new Japanese First Army com¬ mander and a leader of thc Kwang- tung Army clique. Ahe had re¬ turned to Japan from Korea after being ousted from office and was reported to  be seriously III.
Doihara, meanwhile, reported for work at First Army headquarters as usual Saturday morning and there was no indication when .Tapanese police would tum him over to the U.S. Eighth Army. Usually It takes the Japanese police from 24 to 48 hours to bring in wanted mon. Fnllows  Reronnnendation
MacArthur's   demand   for   a   de¬ tailed   financial   accounting   from the   Japanese   ia   one  of   the   first steps   recommended   by   Uie   cco- (Contlnued on Page A-12)
WUI Use force Only to Profecf Troops, Policies
Exfenf of MacArthur's Power Set by Truman on Aug. 29; Told to Use Jap Government
Washinjfton, Sept. 22 (UP)—The United States has in¬ structed Gen. Douglas MacArthur to permit Japan on its Dwn initiative to strip its government of feudal and author¬ itarian trappings, even if they must use foree to do it.
Seeming to anticipate revolution on the part of the Japanese or their government against feudal overlords, the government told the com¬ mander-in-chief of Ita occupation forces to Intervene in the event of 'the use of force" only to the extent needed lo "Insure the security of his forces and the attainment of all other objectivea of the occupation."
MacArthur received his directives In a statement of occupation policy sent to him  by President Truman on Aug. 29—four days  before the
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Sen. Wherry Demands Public Explanation; Confirmation at Stake
NO RADIOACTIVITY FOUND AT NAGASAKI
Tokyo, Sept. 22. (UP) — No sign of radioactivity was found in Nar^asaki by 17 Allied scientists and doctors who are completing observations of the effect of the second atomic bomb. Brig. Gen. James B. Newman jr., head of the War Department's atomic bomb mi.sslon,  said  today.
Newman aaid that of the 3,'),000 lo 40,000 persons killed In Nag.i- sakl, most died from the immedi¬ ate effects of the bomb blast while many were killed by falling debris or were burned to death by thc bomb's heat or In  secondary fires.
SHORTAGE OF TEXTILES LAID TO MATERIALS
Washington, Sept 22. (UP) - Sen. Kenneth S. Wherry, R., Neb., today challenged Acting Secretary of State Dean Acheson to make a public explanation of hia sharp disagreement witb (^n. Douglas MacArthur'a occupation program In Japan.
[ He submitted to Acheson 10 questions centering on the con itroversy and requested public an¬ swers b.v Monday, when thc Sen¬ ate again considers his nomina¬ tion to be Undersecretary of State.
Wherry's request carried an ul- tiniative tone, aaying he wished the answers "by Monday morning, at the latest, since my further In¬ terests in your confirmation will be largely conditioned by your an- awers."
There was no immediate com¬ ment from Acheson, who rebuked MacArthur Wednesday for an¬ nouncing Uiat U. S. occupation forces In Japan could be cut to about 200,000 In six months. Mac- Arthur's statement from Tokyo last Monday and Acheson's subse¬ quent rebuff touched off a hot postwar political dispute over Jap¬ anese occupation policy and de¬ mobilization. flatter of Prestige
Acheson's rebuke of MacArthur was in the form of a press con¬ ference statement, the substance of which was that the govern¬ ment, and not the military, will determine occupation policy In Japan.
Wherr.v, one of the senators who blocked a vote on thc Acheson nomination when it flrst came be¬ fore the Senate Thursday, wrote the acting secretary that his state¬ ment  had  caused  "confusion."
"Is not the real ground for any quarrel between the .State Depart¬ ment and General MacArthur the fact that hc did not use the nor¬ mal channels through which to tran.smit to the American people his conclusions as fo his future needs in Japan, and if he had used the normal channels what guarantee is there lliat the Amer¬ ican people would have been in¬ formed?" Fewer in Europe?
He   also   asked    if    MacArthur's
reduced   estimate   did   not   iustlfy
the  assumption  that  Gen.   Dwight
D. EisenhoTver had made a down-
(Continued  on  Page A-12)
formal   Japanese   surrender   sign* Ing -and   made   public   tonight  by the White House. Ma<>.Arthur's Powers Revealed
The policy statement revealed In detail for the first time the poweri vested In MacArthur as supreme Allied commander and the steps by which Japan Is to be stripped of every vestige of militari.sm and ultra-nationalism.
Publication of the policy state¬ ment came in the midst of a sharp controversy touched off by Mac- Arthur's snnouncemcnt from Tokyo Monday that American occupation forces probably can be reduced to 200,000 within six months and Act¬ ing Secretary of State Dean Acheson's subsequent rebuke of MacArthur. Acheson said Wednes¬ day that the government, not the military, should determine occupa¬ tion policy.
Mr. Truman's directive to Mae- Arthur made no mention of tho number of troops to be used to attain the desired objectives in Japan. It referred, however, to "the desire of the United States to attain its objectives with a mini¬ mum commitment of Its forces and resources." To Use Jap Oovemment
American policy — as developed Jointly by thc War. State and Navy departments and approved by Mr. Truman — directs MacArthur to exercise his authority through Japanese governmental machinery and agencies, including the Em¬ peror. MacArthur also was In¬ structed to act directly, if necessary.
"The policy,' It said, "is to use the existing form of government in Japan,  not to support It.'
The policy statement directed that:
'Changes In the form of gov- ernment initiated by the Japanese people or government In the direc¬ tion of modifying Its feudal and authoritarian tendencies are to be permitted  and  favored.
¦In the event that the effectua¬ tion of such changes Involves the use of force by the Japanese peo¬ ple or government against persons opposed thereto, the supreme com¬ mander should Intervene only where necessary to insure the se¬ curity of his forces and the at¬ tainment of all other objectives of the occupation." V. S. Is the Boss
The policy Is designed to sat¬ isfy all the principal Allied powers whose forces will bc "welcomed and expected" in the occupation. The White House statement made plain, however, that In event of policy disagreements among tho Allies, "the policies of the United States will govern."
The White House document—en¬ titled "U. S. Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan"—lists as the major ultimate objective the estab¬ lishment of a peaceful and re¬ sponsible government that will make Japan eligible eventually to return to  the  family of nations.
This, It said, will require limiting
Japanese   soverignty   to   her  home
Uilands; the complete disarming and
demilitarizing  of Japan,  and  total
(Continued  on  Page  A-2)
All Jap Kamikaze Pilots
Didn
New York, Sept. 22. (UP)—A shortage of dresses, hosiery, sheets and other textile commodities will continue for at least six months, a check made by an advertising agency showed  today.
A survey of 20 textile firms showed that while productive ca¬ pacity of cotton mills advanced from 8.000.000,000 linear vards in 193?D tc lO.OOO.OOO.OOO linexr yards in 1944, and rayon production in¬ creased from 1,252.000,000 to 1.600.- 000 000 linear yards in the same period, a ahortage of material ex- 'isted.
By  Ul>N CASWELL
Yokohama, Sept. 22, (UP)—Some | of Japan's Kamikaze pilote return-! ed home safe from their suicide missions,   it   was   disclosed   today.
Two young Kamikaze volun¬ teers, Sadao Yameda, li«, and Uta- ka Saruta. 10, exploded several theories about the suicide plane corps and said the "body-crashing tactics" of the Japanese air force failed because of the effectiveness of U. S. fighter opposition and bad weather. Rack on the Farm
Only a few weeks ago Yameda and Satuta were ready to die <n their cockpits to help thwart an American invasion of their home land. Today they are working on X farm  near  Yokohama.
They  said  Kamikaze  pilots were
not  always  volunteers;   that   some
pilots   returned   home   after     they
iiiad  been   officially  designated  as
suicides; and that suicide pilots were not paid better than ordinary soldiers,
'If a suicide pilot sur\'eyed hia target and felt it was Impossible for him to do a great amount of damage, or if he felt it was im¬ possible to complete his job in ac- ccrdance with his own stards of success, he could turn back know¬ ing that he would get another chance, Yameda said. N'o Special Training
Approxinmtcly five out of 100 K.imikaze pilots turned back with¬ out carrying out their missions^ Saruta siad.
At first men were ordered into the Kamikaze Corps, but later tt became  popular  to  volunteer.
"It really didn't take anv soeclal training." said Yameda. "It'a pretty easy to bump into an ob¬ ject."
Promotiona   were   granted thumously only.