Wilkes-Barre Sunday Independent

              |k    A Paper For . The Home
SUNDAY INDEPENDENT
The Weather
Sunday:   Light rains. Monday: Rain,  possibly  snow, much colder.
35TH YEAR, NO. 2Q-48 PAGES
WILKES-BARRE, PA., SUNDAY, MARCH 16, 1941
PRICE TEN CENTS
I
^
PRESIDENT PROMISES VICTORY
FOR BRITAIN WITH AMERICAN
Nazi Raiders Kept From Vital Ports
Bad Weather and British Defenses Reduce Damage
MANY SHOT DOWN
New Techniques; Berlin Says Spring Devastation Is on
London Hails Roosevelt Speech
London.Sunday, March 16. (UP) ^London newspapers today ban¬ nered President Roosevelt's as¬ sertion that IJnited States aid to Britain would be "increased - and yet again increased until total  victory  has  been  won."
"Roosevelt's pledge: 'We are sendinR every plane and gun, old and new!'" the Sunday Chron¬ icle  headline   read.
"Roosevelt flays Germany," the Sunday   Express   said.
"Roosevelt's challenge to Hit¬ ler." read thp headline in the Sunday   Pictorial.
Newspapers had to conflne themselves to reports of the ad¬ dress without commenting edi- loriaiiy because ji was delivered at a late hour (or I..ondon Sunday morning newspapers.
No official comment was avail¬ able   immediately.
This Failed Duce, too
By SFDNEV HTLMA.MS
London, March Ifi (Sunday) (UP) — (German raiders spasmodically bombed the London home counties during the night but apparently were prevented b.v overcast skies and improved British defenses from attacking the nations vital supply ports on a scale compara¬ ble to raids of the previous two nights.
The raiders showered several districts, including some London areas, with incendiaries and high explosive bombs, but early reports Indicated that onl.v dwellings were hit and that casualties were small.
Other raiders smashed briefl.v al : an East Midlands village, dropping | high explosive bombs which dam¬ aged houses but, it was reported, caii.«ed only a few minor casual¬ ties. The all-clear signal was sounded here shortly after mid¬ night, j
Tonight's attack on London pro¬ duced longer and heavier anti-air¬ craft barrages than any the capital had experienced in days, hut over¬ cast skies. In contrast to the bril- ; liant moonlight of recent nights, made night fighter operations dif- , ficillt. I
.Many Fires started
Two London districts received the brunt of the early raid. Incen¬ diaries were quickly doused in mosl instances, bul some areas were almost ringed with fire. i
Nevertheless, the British look considerable comfort from reported successes against the German raiders In the pasl week. New de¬ fense measures, air circles claimed, were making the new Nazi bomb offensive  unprecedentedly  costly.
Much of Glasgow and the spraw- linif Clydeside shipping area is in ruins and scores of persons are dead as a result of this week's continuing "Battle of the Moon- , light," but German niuht raiders ¦ have taken such a pounding In re¬ turn that they have been forced to search for new techniques, it was asserted.
While Clydeside rescuers dug into the ruins of a Glasgow tenement for several men and women trap¬ ped under tons of debris, and while workers in cities all over Britain attempted to clear awav rubble tumbled into streets during last nlKht's widespread raids. officiaLs were tallying Up an unprecedented toll of enemy planes. US Naxis 8hot Down
The war office reported officially that five German raiders were de¬ stroyed   lasl-night  and  added   that (Continued on Page A-ini
Greel(sAgain Smash Drive
Sixth Day of Italian Attacks Reported Broken With Heavy Loss
By BE.V AMES
Athens. March 15 (UP)—The Greeks claimed tonight that they sma.shcd a desperate counter-offen¬ sive personally ordered by Italian Premier Benito Mu.ssolini a week ago and climaxed by four violent thrust.s on the Central Albanian front loday.
A    government    spokesman
This  "booby  trap"  lefl  by  Ilalians  In  recent  retreat  across  North
African desert would havc blown  British officer to bits, if he had
stumbled  over the trip line.    As  it was, his  luck  stayed with him
and he saw it in time.    Picture passed by British censor.
Russia Intervening in Axis-Jugoslavia Pact
NOiNAIIONFl E COURT
British Troops in Greece to Block Attack of Cermans
By DANA SCH.MIDT
Istanbul, Turkey, .March 15 (IP)-—British troopa are In Greece and will aid that country if the Oermana attack her, British source* reported here tonight.
(Thr I'nlted Preaa reported the landing of British troops an (ireek soil laat Wednesda.v. Private Information from Europe and the Near East placed the all* of the force at 180,000 to 200,000 troops, but It appeared likely the true flgure was smaller,)
British source* here said the ex|ieditionary force probably would aid (ireek troops defending their northern frontiers.
The strateity would be, it uaa euggeated, to make a stand at the Ku|>el Paas, northeast of Salonika and north of Oemirhiaaar.
If the (ierinans attacked from Bulgaria with such force* aa to make defense of tbe pa*» impractical, the British would fall hack on '*alonlV», .\s enemy pressure increased. It was *.^ld, fhe British iiuKlit retire throuKh ,Snlonlka, fighting rear Kuard actions, with¬ draw across (ireere. and take up more feasible defense positione for defense ot the Peloponnesus.
(.Military cbserver* were quoted aa saying the (irreks niitht fVnd the IniiK arm of .Macedonia, on which Salonika Is the chief city, to be indefensible.
The Rupel Paa* is in the Rhndo|>e .'Mountains, and the combined British and Greek force* might be able to hold up a tierman advance there for *omc time,
(That British vrsftcls, possibly troop transports, had been plying the Aegean was reported In the Sunday Independent la«t week.)
Other quarter* laid the British appeared to have given up any Idea nf establishing a base of operations In Turkey unle** Turkey ia  attacked.
Russia, tlie*e quarter* believed, will continue In her attitude nf "benevolent neutralily" toward Turkey because, It wa* aaid, ahe has hcKun to reckon the po*Rlbility of an ultimate Brlti*h virtory.
«
AUrO WRKEK
Nearly Ready to Sign Compromise: Demand Independence
By 1.EO.V KAY
i     Belgrade. March   IS  (UP)    ,Tugo- said   slavia^and Germany were reported
the six-day Italian offensive had been a failure at ail points and that "the Greek army is again victori¬ ous over the perfectly equipped and numerically  superior"   enemy.
The day's fighting was in thc sector where the Italian llth Army launched repeated attacks on or¬ ders direct from Mussolini, he said.
'The Ilalians made their first at¬ tack at 4:S0 a. m. against positions
tonight lo have agreed upon a for¬ mula for a non-aggression accord despite indications of llth hour intervention   by   Ru.s,sia. i
The exact terms of the formula j for a Jugoslav-German pronounce¬ ment were nol indicated but il was said to avoid Jugo.slavia's adher- ] ance to the Axis. Because of "re- I cent measures taken for her se- ] curity," it was said. Jugoslavia has i
EMCIED
Robert H. Jackson And Sen. Byrnes Favored for Post
which they had attacked but failed been placed in a much better bar- to lake earlier in the week, the gaining pasition relative to Ger- spokesman said. many.
They were thrown back with lieavy losses and, the spokesman continued, tried again at 6 a. m., when Italian reserves came up, with no better results. Half an hour later, after careful preparation, the Italians attacked another position in the same sector, the spokesman said, bul were hurled lo their own lines.
In this third attack of the day, the spokesman asserted, whole Italian units virtually were anni¬ hilated.
Thc fourth attack started al 2 p,
Ru**ia's Plan Ohsoiire
The move by Russia wa.s obscure.
Wa.shington, March 15 (UP) — Congre.'^sional .sources predicted to¬ night that President Roosevelt would send thc ncniination of cither Sen.  James F.  Byines, D.,  S.C,  or
but  attention  wa.s attracted  to the   Attorney  General  Robert  H.  Jack- sudden   arrival   here   of   the   Soviet   son to the Senate Monday to fill the
Supreme Court .scat vacated by the retirement     of    A.s.sociale     Justice [ Jame.s C. McReynolds who had been on the bench "(i .veai-.s. j
Some   per.sons   who   enjoy   White House   confidences  were   betting  it
mlnLsler. Victor Protnikoff who has been absent from Belgrade for more   than   two  months.
Political circles linked his arrival with the consultations which have been going on here for nearly two
weeks concerning Jugoslavia's posi- would be Jackson; others equally lion in relation to spread of the clo.se to the President said flatly war in the Balkans. His return that it would be Byrnes, also was connected with persistent HI* Choice .Made reports from Communist elements ¦ Mr. Roosevelt has told reporters here that Russia would be willing i that he ha.s made his choice but preparation, supported b.v strong to conclude an alliance with Jugo- he declined to sa.v who it was. infantry reinforcements and virtu- slavia if Ihc Jugoslavs would make ally the entire Italian Albanian air   the first move.
force,  the spokesman  said. No  reliable  source, however, has
Wave after wave of Italian (onfirmcd these reports and a par- troops charged Ihe (5reck lines nllel was seen with Russian action throiighoul  the   afternoon   but   fin-   in   Biilq:ari;i.  where  thc  .Soviet dis-
m. after long and violent artillery
V0IEI0J[1E
Shutdown Will Close up Chevrolet; Have Army Orders
Oakland, Cal., March 15. (UP) - The membership of the United Automobile Workers Local Union ICIO) today authorized Us negoti¬ ating committee to call a strike at General Motors plants in Oakland Union Secretaiy announced.
The strike, If called, was ex¬ pected to halt operations at the Fisher Body plant, the Chevrolet passenger and truck assemblies, and the L. A. Young Wire ,t Spring Co.. which supplies cushions to thc Fisher plant. The truck plant has U.S. Army contracts. Welder Was Fired
Minerich said 2,(Xin General Motors employees participated In the strike vote and 97 per cent voted lo strike. The dispute origi¬ nated In the discharge of a welder in the Fisher plant after he com¬ plained of alleged "speed up" tac¬ tics. The union charged 27 welders who protested the dis¬ charge were discharged and "locked out." The management said the men quit of their own accord.
The      union      membership.      In
Delays Final Approval of Plan To Hurry Defense
Nof fo Tolerate Needless Strikes Or Profiteering
Assures 'Plain People* of World America Will Supply All i\eeds to Resist Aggression of Dictators^ Billion Cash Request Started; Expected (o Pass House in Week; 'Hell of a Lot of Money,' Says Bulow
By T. V. RKYNOLUS
Wa,shington. March l.'i (I P)—Presitlont Koo.sevelt told the rtorld tonight "we believe firmly" that democracy soon will be able to prove that dictators can't win. and atsserted that material aid to Britain and her allies "will be increa,sed—and yet again increased—until total victory has been won."
He gave unequivocal notice that America no longer would compromi.se with t.vrann.v and the forces of oppres.sion; that the da.v of appea.senient has passed. From this day on, he said, the United .States goes forward determined to move products from the a.s»embly line to the battle lines of de¬ mocracy—now. No longer is the world in douht a.s to democ¬ racy's decision, the President said.
Krom America, "the unbeatable defenders of Britain" and their (irecian allies will not only be .supplied hut will get ships, food and the implements of war, Mr. Roosevelt said, and added that China, too, will get our help.
".And W'lien the dictatorships disinlegialc—and pray God that they v,''\\l sooner than an.\' of us now dares to hope— then our country must continue to play its great part in the_ period of world reconstruction," Mr. Roosevelt said. '""
¦Washington,   March   15.   (UP)
For Anierican,s, he said frankl.v, tliLs mean.s ,sacrifice and toil. Up told lalior and management that tlie.v mu.st co¬ operate," for unle.s,s we win tiiPir will Iip no freedom for either." He declared that the countr.v, united in the present war aid program, would not toleratp "unnecessary strikes— Final approval of the proposed new sabotage . . . war profiteering ... or sliort-sighted nianage-
super-mediation     board    tonight   ...p-t >>
"Let not dictators of Europe and Asia doubt our unanimity now," he said.
awaited a White House conference tomorrow between President Roose- Robert Minerich ¦ velt and Philip Murray, Congress of Industrial Organizations head. Murray la an outspoken opponent of the board plan, bul close friends said he would agree  to  co-operate
if Mr, Roosevelt goes through with   jpctives    of   the    war-aid    program his  indicated intention of  creating   which  he  launched  with  the  sign
The President spoke from the annual dinner of the W'hite House Correspondents As.«ociation, an unprecedented back¬ ground   for   the   speech   his   flrst*	
address   on   the   operation   and   oh-
ally were sent fleeing in disorder. Gen. Alexander I'apagos, com¬ mander-in-chief of the Greek army, congratulated the central sector defenders in an orrtcr of the day whirh said the week-long Italian offensive has "left you un¬ shaken."
New American Combat Planes Equal to Any Built in Europe
Washington.   March   15.   (UP)—   those  planes  were  not  counted
.-ipprovcd Bulgaria's adherence lo thc Axis, hut only after the event. .Mendon Red Assurances
Observers   were   inclined   to   be¬ lieve   that   Russia   was   moving   to fortify   her   prestige   here   in   ad¬ vance   of   coming   events.    Further : evidence of this view was  seen  in ; the williingncss of members ot the Soviet   legation   to  give  assurances In private conversation of Russia's concern over Jugoslavia while high Jugoslav   sources   insist   there   has been   no   official   manifestation   of i this view. |
Thc semi-official newspaper Vreme stated in strong terms today Jugo-
In a rare tribute. Senate Repub lican   I^eadcr   Charles   L.   McNary,
1940    Republican    vice-presidential   i"^" q>'u "'  '"-^t .-«,. »i^^^u.u, ^.^^^  j^j^.   Roo„veit  Fridav.    Mur
nominee, let the White House know       The      union      membership.      In   ray     in    a    public    statement,    de- Ihal   the   28   Republican   senators   authorizing   the   strike,   demanded ! clared   the   plan   was   "wholly   un
realistic" and that it would  "oper
the board of executive order.
Labor officials canvassed a ten¬ tative lisl ot promi.ient citizens for "eligibles" to be suggested to the President for appointment to the 11-man board. Mr. Roosevelt was said to wanl bolh Murray and William Green, American Federa¬ tion of Labor president, as mem¬ bers. Labor circles doubt, however, that either would accept, Roosevelt Wants Action
ing   of   the    Lend-Lease   Act   on
Tuesday.
Want* No Delay
The address was broadcast on the three major networks and pre¬ pared for short-wave transmission throughout the world in 14 lan¬ guages.
Declaring that the country is united in the present war-aid pro¬ gram, he said he would not toler¬ ate "unnecessary strikes , . . sabo-
Green announced his approval of j tage . . . war profiteering . . . short- the   board   plan   after   conferring ! sighted  management.'
would be pleased if Mr. Roosevelt picked the ace Democratic Sen¬ ate strategist, Byrnes, whose be¬ hind-the-scenes work often has reduced the opposition vole on ad- ministratior,   measures.
The appointmcnl will be Mr. Roosevelt's sixth nomination to the high court -all since the beginning of his second term and jusl four years after he asked and was re¬ fused the power to appoint six new justices if men over 70 then on  the  court  refused  lo resign.
On February 1937, Mr. Roosevelt
the welders be returned to their jobs with full seniority and back pay. Charles Metcalf, plant man¬ ager, previously refused to take back the 27 men.
There was no indication whether the negotiating committee actually will call the walkout. Closure of the   Fisher  plant   wnuld   force   the
"For   unless   we   win   there   will be no freedom  for either manage ment  or labor.''  he  said. He   called   on   Americans   every- ate   to   the  complete   detriment  of   where  to work  unsparingly  to  in- labor."
Mr. Roosevelt was said by labor officials lo be anxious to place the board in operation as soon as po.ssi¬ ble in an effort to settle half a dozen strikes which are Impeding the  flow of armaments.   Most im
lo come up for House debate on Tuesday, with passage expected on Ihc   tollowing  day.
The President departed from us¬ ual procedure when he chose the correspondents' dinner for his ad¬ dress, since the occaaion is gen¬ erally a light-hearted one in which national characters, including the Chief Executive, are lampooned.
He spoke after being Introduced to the gathering and a world-wide radio audienre by T. F. Reynolds of the United Press, retiring presi¬ dent of thc Association. Reynolds first proposed the traditional toast ! at   the   dinner:
"Gentlemen, the White House Correspondents Association has but one toast. Gentlemen, the Presi¬ dent  of  Ihc   United  States."
Willkie Attends
The dinner wa.s attended by many riignitaries, including Cabinet mem¬ bers, Wendell L. Willkie, unsuccess¬ ful    1940    Republican    presidential
crea.se armament production. He said that "to all of you It will mean sacrifice In behalf of country and your  liberties."
"You will have to he content with lower profits from business because   candidate, and British Ambassador obviously your  taxes will be high-   Viscount   Halifax.
Chevrolet  units  to  shut  down  for   portant    of   these    are   the   Allis-
lack of bodies.
JAP TRANSPORT SUNK
splirws'own^iarty  by hirbiir"to   WITH   HEAVY CASUALTIES   *""'•''  have  failed
Chalmers Milwaukee, Wis, strike and strikes at four plants of the International Harvester Company. Defense    and    conciliation    service
February production figures. The output for 'hat month was an¬ nounced as 972.'
Speaking    of    German    military   pcndcnce. production,   Meigs   asserted: "We   will   accept   every   friendly
"I have no direct line from Hitler   hand   that  does noi  touch our  na- on that, but I think that thi.< coun try's aviation  and mililary produc
reorganize the federal judiciary. He didn't gel lhat power, bul the court started sustaining many con-
he  continued.
"You will have to work longer at your bench, or your plow or your machine."
Paying tribute to the "plain people' ot Britain and Greece in their resistance againsi aggression, he  proceeded  to outline  the  broad
slavia'.s   intention   ot   safeguarding   trovcrsial  New Deal   laws,  cau.siiig her   liberty   of   action    and    inde-   m,.. Roosevelt to remark to friends
lhat   he   lost   the   batlle   but   won th"   war. "Brain Trust"  \eleran
Jackson   is  a  4B-year-old  veteran
ot    the    New    Deal    legal     "Brain
Trust," starting as general  counsel
snd independence will be re-   of the Bureau of Internal Revenue,
tionai ideal. But the hand extended to   us    tor   dragging   us   into   ad¬ ventures     .tnd     endangering liberty jected.'
our
Vrcmc said.
TURKISH PARACHUTE TROOPS REHEARSE
moving   10   head   successively   the Justice Department's tax and anti-
f
American combat planes are the equal of any European aircraft in firepower and armor protection, Merrill C. Meigs. < hief of thc Office of Production Management's air¬ craft  division,  declared  tonight.
He would not predict future U.S. aircraft   production,  which  now  is ' tion  soon  will  be superiod  to that at the  rate oC approximately 1,000   of any other country in thc world." a month. Show* Damage of belay
"It is impo.ssible lo say how Meigs vigorously condemned the many planes we can produce be- strikes in defen.sc industries. These fore the end ot any one month." strikes, he continued, while con- Meigs said. "There are a hundred ¦ sidered ot little consequence now, things that er ter into the piclure. ' will havc a d?lcterioua effect on  ven the weather, whicii keep defense production later, planes from being delivered to ion- "In the aircraft industry," he ex¬ tractors." plained, "you may have 20.000 parts
He pointed out that one aircraft '" """ P'*"*" which havc to be parachute forces will stage exer- the Supreme Court manufacturer had ,50 new planes co-ordinated on production lines, cises in vulnerable areas of thc Byrnes, who is 62. and would be which could not be tested during '^'"^ absence of one of these parts nation during the nexl few weeks, the oldest of Mr. Roosevelt's six February because of 15 days bad ' "" *" assembly line may hold up il was announced loday. Thc an- appointments, is noted for his weather. Therefore, he continued ^''^ completion ot hundreds ot nouncement coincided wilh an edi- legislative maneuvering. He has  \ '   planes    because    ot   a   strike   that   torial  in  the  influenlial  newspaper   been  in  thc Senate  since  1930  and
occurred   five  months  before." Akcham asserting that Turkey was   served   14   years   in   the   House   of
Meigs would nol comment on re-   determined   to   protect   itself   "now   Representatives beginning in 1911.
ports   that   the   American   aircraft   that   danger   is   near   in   the   Bal-
industry was turning from the pro-   kans."
duction   ot   training   planes   to   a      Some   200   parachute   troops  and
greater percentage of combat ships   an    equal    number    of    anti-para-
and heavy bombers. chutists   will   participate   In   cxer-
An   informed   soune   said,   lio'.v-   rises tomorrow on the shores ot th"
ever, lhat the percentage nf planes   Bosphorus  In  the  district  of  Sari- being produced now "are more than   yer,   under  direction of  a  govern-
50  per  cent  of  the  combat  type,"  ment representative,   i
Shanghai, March Chinese newspapers day that a Japanese transport carrying .WO soldiers and muni¬ tions had been sunk by a mine In the Y'angtze River near the junction of Anhwei and Hupch provinces, and that most of the soldiers  had   been   killed.
A Chinese government com¬ munique issued at Chungking, the capital, asserted the Japanese had
."Millman Interven
IS      (UP)— i     Hillman personally Intervened in   policies  ot  his war-aid   program asserted   to-i ""   attempt  to  end   the   five-week       "'^^'   ^'•••-^   ...,.„u   ...h   th
trust divisions, and  then  becoming   suffered 7.000 casualties in a fierce
five-dav   battle   on   the   south   side ot   thc   Yangtze   opposite   Ichang. The    Chinese    Central    News
Lstanbul,      Marcli      1,">.      (UP) Turkish parachute troops and anti-
I solicitor general, where he argued and won important .New Deal test cases   before   the   high   court.    He
i was made Attorne.v General Jan. 18. 1940. when Frank Murphy was promoted from Attorney General lo
agency   called   it   one   of   the   big¬ gest t^hinese  victories ef the war.
[ strike at the Vanadium Steel Co.'s Bridgeville,   Pa.,   plant.
"It   Is   of  utmost   importance   to the  national defense  program that certain     Vanadium     products     he shipped    from    the    Bridgeville j plant."    Hillman-   telephoned    CIO I I.,eader   Pugne.    "I   expect   you   lo I co-operate   in   these   shipments." In    another    message,    Hillman told  Pugne  the  OPM   felt  lhat  an agreement   reached   March   3   be¬ tween     CIO     representatives     and defense    ofTlclals    for   terminating the   strike   wai   "fair   and   reason¬ able."
The British people and their Grecian allies need ships." he said, "From America they will get ships.
"They need planes. From Amer¬ ica   they   will   get   planes.
"They need food. From America th#y  will  get  food.
"They need tanks and guns and ammunition and supplies of all kinds.    From   America,   they   will
Mr. Roosevelt discussed nation.il unity at length, .saying that the biggest news story ot the week was enactment of the Lend-Lease Bill and the beginning of the program which   it  projects.
"Thc world has been told that we, as a united nation, realize the danger which confronts us—and that to meet that danger our democracy  has  gone  into action.
"Despite the ridicule heaped up¬ on the democracies by the world dictatorships," he said, "they know- now lhat democracy can still re¬ main democracy, and speak, and reach conclusions, and arm Itaelt adequately   tor   defense."
He said that while the "decisions
get tanks and guns and ammuni-   of  our  democracy  may  be  slowly
arrived  at . . , when  it Is made  it is  binding on all of us.'
in Today't Issue
Maaslfted   A—20
Editorial  C—2
Movie*    R—4>
Politic*   C_J
Radio  B—IS
Nporta   R 1
8«ci»l  A—115
•toi-y A—14
MARTI.N  TO  qilT  <iOP POST
Washington. March 15 iUP>- Rcp, Joseph W. Martin jr., R, .Mas.s., said loday he intends to re¬ sign as Republican national com¬ mittee chairman March 24, hut is j uncertain of his lourse ot action it committee asks him to remain.
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tion  and  supplies  ot  all  kinds." China also to Be Helped !
Apparently referring to recent Japanese reports that the United States was becoming Increasingly reluctant to help China, Mr. Roose¬ velt said:
"China likewise expres.ses the magnificent will ot millions of plain people to resist the dismem¬ berment   of   their   nation.    China,
This decision is the end of any attempts at appeasement in our land: the end ot urging us to get along with the dictators; the end of compromise with tyranny and the  forces ot oppression," he aaid.
"The urgency is now.
"We believe firmly that when our production output is In full swing, the  democracies  of the world  will
through the generalissimo, Chiang   ^, ^^j^ ^„ .^ t^at dictatorships
Kai-Shek, asks our help ^^„„„j „.(„,.
"America   has   said   that   China      m the meantime, he aaid. Imme- shall   have  our help. (Continued on Page A-12)
"Our country is going to be what \ our people have proclaimed it must be   the  arsenal  of democracy"
Mr. Roosevelt's address was de¬ livered several hours after a House appropriations subcommittee had approved unanimously his $7.0O0,- 0(10,000 cash request tor the war- aid program.   The bill is scheduled
Dispatches from Euro¬ pean countries are now aubject   to   censorship.
j