Lancaster Examiner and Herald

              "ijr vjtrntjr tiiere is strej^gtmi."
LANCASTER CITY, PENN.
-O^'EP'affiiilcecai  Sicadl  O^oaTtona^Oacsidl   '^3?;s*>s>csDs.Es^-
-BY R. WHITE MIDDLETON,
Ny^Q^jV SSL^STaaSjqDg ©Q,
¦WEIfii'^ESDA^, WOVEiMBEK 1©,  8 848.
"i^tm^f ejsiiaaiass) ^^a^a aiia«oaSf®« <i©»
inaiM;iiwmMiv>tfm
THE EXAMINER & HERALD,
omce iu i^or&h ^Inccn Strcel,
WAGNER'S OLD STAND.
The EXAMINER & DliMOCRATIC HERALD i3 publislied weckiy, on a doublo rftyal Bhcel.ut TWO DOLLARS, per onnum, payablo within three montlis from the lime ot eubseribing; oa two Dol.i.Ans A^JD KiFTV CENTS, ul lUo end of lhe yenr.
r^o Dubaciiption wilt bc taltcn for tcsn ihnn ai.'t moiittis, and no pttpor diHcoiitinucd nntil aHiir- reura^fes nre paid, except ot lho opiion of thc piibliHlior, and n fiiilure to notify a dincontin- nunce, will be conaidered a new engogemont.
Advertising" will bc done on the usuul terma,
Li'tlcra to insure attention ^lU^'t bc potjt pnid.
"a dv K R'ii S K iVl KNTS."
A  VALTJABLE  PAB.M
FOR SALE.
BY order ofthc Orphana' Court of Court of Cumberland couniy, will be oxpoaed to pub¬ lic Hate, on lho preinises, on SAi'UKDAY ihe 20th of Novemlrer inut, Qt IS o'clock, noon,(ho followin^f deacribed valuable property, nituate Id Silver Spring lownstiip, aboni one mi!c nortli-wcbtof Hogeatown, nnd near the Couondoguinet crcok, lalo llic pro¬ perty ot IVIirhacI Saxton, docenaod, containing
aoxa ALIBIS©
Of Patented Limestone and Gravel Latid. About 80 Acres are cleared, under good fence and ill n tiigli state of ciiltivmion—and tlic resiilue covercd with excellent timber. The improvemenla urc a Doutite Frumo and Log Two Slory
IA Doublo Ffuaie Bern, and othor out-  b^uil^i'^S^* There is also asmall AP¬ PLE UKGHARD. und oUier fruit troe&-^nd a well of never failing water, witha pump in it, iiQar tho door. There are two BtreaniH of running wnler through the premisea,
TErtMs.—^00 on the confirmation oftlic sate— halftho purchaso money, dfduciing the S200, on Im of April, when posfeesoion will be given—and tho rc!*idue in lour equal annual payments, with¬ out interest, lo bo eecured by judgment Bonda,
An IndiBputttblo title will be given, and nny pcr (loll wiahing 10 SCO the farm, can bu ahowu it on application tu Ihe snbscriber.
JOIIN SAXTON. Adm'r. of Michael Saxton, dec^d.
Novomber 3.1841. 3t-48
N. B. If the above Farm is nol sotd on Ihat day, il will then and ihcro bo rented for tho term of one year.
®]SE©EMA3L<
GHAUOERY SALE.
BY viriue of a dccrco of the High Court ot t^linncery, tllo Bubsoribcr will scll on MON¬ DAY, tho aiJiid duy of NOVKMBER nexi, nt 12 o'cloek, noon, on the prcinisop, pari ofthat valuable Irncl ofland in Frederick cciuiity, Miiryland.called
Tllis land is nbout two nnd a half niilcs from the city of Frederick, on the Munoency river, and in well knuwu as aome of the hotit I»nd in the county. 11 liuK n suliicieney of wood and water, and ihe improvements aro a Jog
, DWELLING HOUSE,
ivitchen, Smoko house, Sloiic dairy
large Stono Barn, with-slubleH under,   _        	
it,a corn-house, and an OliCHARD of ctioice op- pic and other fruil. Ttio whole tract of lund con- taijMi upwurds of
'IThe.pact-to be sold will be divided into three farins lOf lUifibreilt sizea, a plut of which will be exhibited lon^lhetln-y-of «rile, and in the mean thne canbe Been on applieation to Mr. W. C. Cunningham, on llm prcmieeajwho will give all information required. Tewone 'inclhioli ^to purcliusc, arc requested to vialt'the property.
Tho terma'-of-Riitc, one fourth cash, on tbc ratifi- cation of the sale, und ttie reaidue on a credit of Bix, twelve, and cigliiecn monttis, with interest from llic duy of sato, to bc KCfUrcd by bonds or noies witll oiireties, lo bo approved by'the trualee, nnd on paynient of thc whole purchase money, lhe trus¬ tee will execute a deed Ibr ilic name.
JNO, 1. DONALDSON, TruHtcc. Novembers, 18-11. ts-'18
At private sale.
Ddivcrcd  hefore the Mechanics*   Institntc,   Lan¬ caster Citij, February 13, ISIO-
MSy Samteel   S'itrlie, Esq*
The energy of intellect hao Jjcen always too much devoled, perhaps wasicd, inthe inveatigation of itself, and tbe phenomena exhihilod.in the de¬ velopment of mind. Thin leclure Hhall be confined lo the Hubjeut of Matteu. I ^ahall Ircal ii in ita inoiit tiumblu form, as eontradiHtingniRhcd not onty from mind but even, unimation. Matter, lifnlcKH matter, ihougti uppurcntly unimportant, is equally iiiBcrutablc arid in muny respects curious witli lilc exhibited in its bigl.est atate ua intclleet or mind. Ttiougli not hO exciting and important perhaps as mind, yct matier is as comprehenHivc a.s thc uni¬ verse and oa minulo as nn atom. Mind und its Biimulants, iho puKsionfl, aro well worthy tlio cloHcat examination of Itiu creature man in whom tliey conjointly exist. But a culiner pleasure, more nearly allied to happiness, may bc derived from looking abroad upon lho inanimate ihinga mun. dano nnd in spaco, and examining tliclr inovu- monta, structuro, compuncnl parts and relalivo usea. Abstractly considered, mind if^of but tittle im¬ portance compared with -matier. What in man with oil hiH boasted ennobling qualities ? A biped animal approaching aix feel higti. coinposcd of ani¬ mated cluy wilh fi"e defective Ecnsea, ati ihc only organa for obtaining knowledge—crawling about during a brief space of timo, and ttion returning lifeless inlo its parent earth ! And whatis that earth whieh ia both parent and grave of ila pra- Bumpluouu inhabituDt man 7
Notwithatanding the defectiveness ofour powerB, by great perseverance in iheir ase wc have oscer- tained that the Earth is a great muss of matter, al. most spheneal in its form, though usually a alighi. ly nallened or oblate spheroid, which is in round nunibers about 8,000 miles in diameter, but by ac¬ curate meosuremcnt having an cquaiorlal diame¬ ter of 7925i milea, its polar diameter being 26i miles less. It ia u Planet swinging in space at the dislonce of aboul 95,U0U,0U0 of milca from tho Sun, turning quite round on its axia in 24 houra, and go¬ ing in a path or orbit not quite circular, but sliglit¬ ly eliptical, the sun being in one of lis foci, at tho rateof about 68030 miles pcrhour, accompanied by its fiaioUite, the mooUt clear round the eun in about 365 days.
Butwliulis thc Earth in size and magnifieenco to that largest planet of the solar system Jupiter, which in diameter is no leas than 87,000 nutc?. and Bo in bulk exceeding lhal of tho Eartli nearly 1300 times. And what ia Jupiter und the Earlh and ull tUc plancio of thc Solar Systeni taken together, to llmt stupendous mass of globular matier, tho Sun Ilsclf, whose diameter is 882,000 miles; wboso weight ia 354,436 and bulk is 1,384,472 tiincs ttiat of the Earth ? The densily of the Sun ia not bo great aa that of ttie Earth, bul ita wholo weigtit is 80 mueh greater that notwithatanding the Earth^s distance, their combined eenlre of gravity, or com¬ mon pr)inl, about which thcy bolh circuluie, ia fur within the body of thc Sun, and only about 967 miles or a 3000th part of its diameter from ita centre.
Here theu are Unown data of mailer belonging to our &dur System sn immenso as lo confuse and confound ua. Yct what are these compared lo the size ond number of the Fixed Stars, tlioae other auns of other Bystems whose twinkling ligiits eun bo seen and countod ihrough tho aid of astronomi¬ cal inslrumenls 7 Herschell says some conception may bo formed of our nearest possible distance to Sinus, thc brightest and probably tbu nearest ofthc fixed «turB, 'by stating that no appreciable angle can be obtained by viewing it from two points, llie wholedianictcr oflho Earth's orbit,or 190,000,000 miles apart. Thia gives thc diatanoc toSirius at ileustBogrealtliat'if expressed in figures it would "be unintelligible. Thc only way wc know of matt¬ ing Buoh a'diatunce appreciable is by lurning it in¬ lo iho time of passage or rupidily of light   Now
and fall off from a tangcnl,  would naturally  full of the highest points, Sorncto in Soulh   America,  York.   The samo'bed of linieplono in n posilion cnr.
forward or spin on ils axis in the directior?  it was und a peak  of thc Himmalayn mouniains  in the   responding in range with ltd cxi'osure Iicre, comes
moving in   its orbit,  turning over  nnd   over an a interior of Asia, are 25,000 feet above ttie surface   to the rurnice by denudation in   V'ork anrt  Adanis
ball from a musket.    Hence tho diurnal niution of of itio pea, or scarcely 5 inilea in lit,'if,'lii.    ilut .such   ubuut Hanover, and disappearing- imdcr llie strata
the planets. prominenccB are rare, nnd tlic general Kiiificc, in-   re-appears in   Frederick Vallev, and   again soulli
The S.ileltiicd revolving round llicir planela are clining grad'ialiy up from  llic Oi-caii, i.s no nearly    wcslwardly in the same range bryood the Potomac,
UI lhe »-amo way auppoaed to be moved and kept in level Uiat tho average height of land l'och   not ex-   in several places nhmg under die South Mounluin Uidu to thc iniuUl
moiion by llio diurnal motion of thcir several pri- ceed IOOO feel.    Wc here arc far  Ik-'Iow that elc-   to  ChnfloUtavillo, und   perliuja   t>eyond.    Gomg
nmrica.    Just aa lho  Snira diurnal motion moves vation. I Bouih-weslwardly   in tlie same  rango with  Pylea
^lale. forming the bottom or tloor of ilic next coal cru^t was ocroBioneU by nphoavinij. Wbal hind vein; andso on in this order lo the tnp of thc coat of iniernal foree conhi Imve thrown up lho ¦trati- ^''¦'it"- , fication   reguturly on  its edge, all   uruund  a long
Thc coal slraiuin where tbe basin h narrow as at narrow unttirufite conl baain ? cacti end, follows the inclination <d' ibe congIoiin;r-' Like, it is believed, the Rocky Mountain*, ate roek innnediattdy below ii, dipping from caeh Andes, Pyrenncca. Alps, lliiiiiunluyiB, and ult iho lind of courHi; niceling al lbc other etiniiiH of Muiinlaiiia in lhe world, the Alia- bottom. In fact, the veiint and tlieir alal'es und gliuiiiea consist of a high and middle range oc- sandatonea. ami indeed the whole of llie underlying   companied by parallel minor range*, (jriidimlly by¬
tho planetjt, GO lho planets move their sntolliioa.     \     \{ thon ihree  milcMlic estimated ttiickncss of quarries in Che?lcr County, this same bed of time-   sUoladuwn lotha lowostexposcd i)cd,the UmeRlone,  camtn^ lower an thty sink off on the  Wetl ima
N imrsuuncc of iholuat Will and Testament of ,. ,    .   , .   .      ^i   . .¦       ,.     r.  ,     .mnnnn
llENIJY KEIFFER, dee'd, the undersigned,   light is known lo travd »t the rnte of about 192,000
Execulora of said will, otfer tlio fSillowing prop¬ erly, on accommodating terms, ut private sale—viz:
ill Soulh Queen Street, with thc ground	
now belonging to euch, adjoining tho property of ]>r. Freeman and others.
'i'be garden in tlio rear uf these buildings, lo- gollier witll tlic large alablinij tliereon orecled.
Alis»,Tiie iiiifiivi<ic<l lialt' of*4 one stury Dwelling H9«ii8e&,
in Vine street and Lemon's Alloy, (or each one can lie boughl 80|iarutely, tbo othor [Jurt owner boing agreed lo sell bia whare.)
ANN KEf'FKIt, i   i-^„„,„„„
I.. C. JUNGERICH,
Octobor 27,1811.
t8.47
Thio theory Ims tho merit of obviating any dan. water if spread eqnally over the wliolc surfuee of "lone ia denuded, and appears at llio surfaco in ger of collapae, or (iilliiif; lo the cnntrc, wbile tbe lbc Glolie, woald lie only as ibe varnish to an arli- Alaryland, on lhe York and naliimore road at Sun's motion lasts; anil relievea us from Ihc awlt- fieial lerrcstriul globo, 333 yards, liic average (-'ockey's lavern, and ngaiii ou lbc Pulapseo, some wardnossof liineyiug direct ominipoUinl effort by lieiglil of land in scarcely uppreeinble ay a coating miles nortii of Ellieotl's .Mills, original impulse or cast from tho Almiglity'a hand, of llle Eartli't surface ; and in relalivo thiclinesa ' Dipping from the iJumborland valley under the Many other fuels rendering this theory still moro or bciglit above lho sea, i.« but a more film. We North Mountain, this liinestone is denuded in the pbiURiblo might lie odded: Sncli os llio inerciwod ought llietofore to be bul litlle surpriaud at the dia- valleys, .iiul llius appears al intervals among llle velocity of the iilanelH when ill those parls ofthcir closures of geology, tbnt pebbles, sliulls nod re.' ridges np tbo Juniala to the very fuot of the main orbits nearest lllo Sun; tho steadiness of Saturn's ' umiiis of inaiino nniuiala are found imbedded in Allegheny Clilf iil Hollidaysburg. rings, supposed by some ustrononiors so liiiely In our liigliest bills and mountains ; and in fact lllat i'ursniiij; liie .Susi]nclianna norlhwards from Har. full against one side of tho planol and remain by far lhe grenlest portion of the sliin or ornal of risburg, this vasl limesiune stratum, diaappcarint; tbero forever upon the old priiiciplo of planclnry the Eartb is formed of mud sand and gravel, and undei tbe ranges of lhe Norlb Mountain, wbieh lies moiion; ita solf-ndjusting prineipie according so ' chemical pcrcipiiatcs ond formations in water, nnd sb all those ranges do in depressions or hollows in woU wilh Hip siability of planetary moiions not- principally in salt or seii-walcr. In fuel, it is now the limcslone bed, does not quite come lo the sur. withstanding their sources of dorangeraont from | known, llmt all tho dry land wiu oucc if not many face ut tho rivor in Halifax valley, though it does perturbations, resisting medium nnd otherwiae.'times submerged; and probably will be again, just west of il; nnd descending ngnin uorihwanls and many olhers. i Indeed, lho wonder ought to bc. sinco our ball is   in the line of dipof the stratification, under Berry'e
Thus thon the Sun's revolution on ile mis would conipumtively sniontbcr and more regularly round mounluin and Lykens Valley, comes up lo the sur communicate itg motion to tho whole syalem, mo-1 than tho marble loy of the boy, nt tho mnrvellous f''™ north uf iMahanlungo Mountain on llie river ai clianicnlly, like thc principal wheel ina picco of stabiliiy oftho elements of luud and water. If Georgetown. .\j:aiu de«eending. it re.nppeurs two machinery. ihc luechnnisni of thc world's  equipoise wero nol   niiles below Sunbury ; and in the same zigzag man
Where the Sun obtains its diurnal motion il ia formed and adjusted witll an c.Yuclness beyond lui- "er, witli n regularily jiecnliar to this nioimtiiinona impossible to prove, nor is it necessary to tho theo- man CQiiccption, llle whole surface would bo nolh- region, dipping and rising to Willianisport valley, ry. It is sufficient to know that it r^oes turn on iis ing but o confused mtss of jarring eleincnls, and '^'"-"¦'e it again descends lo the norlh under the main axis. It is quite possibic, however, that the Sun ' perhaps daily subniolgonce, nnd retiring ofthe cliff oflho Allegheny, and of eourse under ibnt end nlso is moving in space from west to enst, having ' waters, leuving nota loinl of permanent dry lund ' "' ''"= Brent bituminous conl field of western I'enn. an orbitunl motion as an utlondnnt or eaiellitc of to rest tbe aole of dioliBman foot. [oylvania.   Aa tbo siratificaiion under ibis coal field
.some other sun or syslem. This, if so, would pro. i Such rapid change la happily not tho lot of tho , becomes nearly horizontal, this limestone bed docs duce ils knoivn diurnal motion, in the same man-' world. Thougliall naiaro, tho wholo universe, per- i ""' appear ognin until beyond our line in tho state ner ns tho diurnal motion of lho planets is producod hops. Is in a statoof cliange, yet ifso we know it of New York, whore rising to lhe surface, it con- by lhe Sun. j is  comparatively  sldiv, in  accordance  witll  tbe ' tinucs nearly without or comparatively with   bnt
litlle inclination, producing thc line fertile land of western New York', nnd ultimnielv it is believed aliornalivoly pushed und dragged nlong in compa- i and water, hns ceriaiiily eiisted for several thou- forming tho fiat rock over wbieli Niagara tumblea. ny 08 they wheel in tlieir orbiis around it; and ; snnd years; though thousands of years are but a this mny be sufficient to produce the eccentric clip-.'spccIi in eternity, nnJ wo nrc told tliat "with the ticity of the orbits of the Planets; nnd nlso lhe in-: Crenlor a tbousnnd yilors nre ns onc duy." clinntion ot lhe Earth's axis whicli causes the sea- The southern bcinispbcre ia principally covered sons. If tho Earth and the olher planets aecom-' by the soa, ond henco mueb tbo largesl portion of pnny tho Sun in its orbitual motion as salellitcn,' ihe habitable surface lies nortii o( tlie equator. It like the moon with the earth, the reason pf our or- is said tliul most of the headlands lending into the bit's eliptieity nnd.eccentricity bringing as nearest soa southwardly nro nol rooky, but sandbanks nr the Sun in January nnd leaving us farlliest off in alluvial deposites, inclining gradually off under the July, is manifest; jiioi ns the moon is nearest tho ' ocean. It is so alonf our shore from Long Island Eartli when passing before hcr, and farihcst off to .Mexico. This lanttcr manifestly collected nnd when dragged behind, I deposited llius by water, ia of loo grent quantity
The cause of the inclination of the Eorth's axis  and  breadth to hnvo  been  carried there by our is noi so apparent.    Itmight   originate from  thc'rivers.    And the only other plausible suggestion
all uf whieb mnst onee havu been horizontal, ''le horizontal strain of lho valley of the Missis. are nuw fuund broken lengthways of lhe hollow, 'ippi, and on the call into tbe Allanlic Oeoan.— anil subaidcd into the long basin we have lieen des.' 'I'hese ranges having Ibcir lops now worn inlo cribiiig. Tliia is llic c.ise nt ench end, bnl towards ', valleys, leuiing the adjoining cliili or niouDlaint, llie middlc.wbcre llie basin widens out to 2. 3 und 4 ', sn>tainud by the bnrdesl ur leual deslrurlible layer, niiloa, lho coal slralum in subsiding ia shiived inlo i"'' "'" stratificalion, are a succession of what Ge. one, two or three eruniplcs, depeinliug upon the "logisla cull long nnlielinal and synelinal axes, liku brcadih nflhe basin.    'I'liese folds of the coal slriila. 11^"^ creases of a rutlle or the folds of a bulf spread
If the Sun be moving in spnco or have an annn- i magnitude of the subitances.   Nearly ibe present
'I'
PUBOC SAIL.E.
f'lMj he aold by public vendue, on THURS¬ DAY ihu 18tli day of NOVEMBER nexl, at the public houne of Aliraham Hesa, in Safo Har. hoi'r^ Coneaiogo townHhip, f^nneaBier County, the heiil Esinle of RunoLni HAnNiHii, lute ofsaid townsiiip, deceaaed, viz:
No. 1, Consisiingof llio
of said iieceased, ndjoining lauds of the Safe Ilar- liour Company, Conrud Heble, and nnolhcr farm <if Ihesaid dec'd,ond otbera.conlaining 100 Acres, Inoro or leas, whereon are erected two SWaXAXHO
5:12 CE> "03" S3 im ^3 »
Corn IIouRO,   Wagon  Stied,   SwieserL	
Hum Ulld other improvementa, wilh ayoung OH-
CIIAUI). and well of ncvcr-failing' woler near ihc
door.   Tllis tract will be.sold enlire or in parta,aii
will best Huit piirchuaora.
No,. 2,  Consisting of a   Plantation or
Tract of first-rate
LIMESTONE t.AND,
adjiiining No. 1, Sainuol He.ss and olhers. contain- ¦ing 90 ACRKS; whereon are creeled none and ^.oAa littlf-fltory LOG HOUSE!, Siono Swisser ll^S Barn.stiino S|iriiig and Wosh House, Wogon
:Blicd, nnd a  nevur-liiiling   well of water wilh n , i      •      j
ipuiiip theroin, and an excellent Orchard of young  resisting medium, would go to destroy tlio nice od- 'fruil trees. ' justnicnl of gravily and tangential moiion by les'
I^<».  M, dinni'^tinSi of i a A-CVCH  sening tho impulse, whenthe Planets would  lend of IteilVV TBHlliei*  Biaitd]        l with aceolomting speed to, nnd at lengib fall into .•fan exeellent quality, covered with Chestnut,' the Sun, the centre end prinoiiwl g>i»'ita''"8 luxly while, black and Clieslnut Oak; odjnining lands of! of the system,
J.ieiibllarnisb. Jnhn Gond and Kunmel Hess.    Tllis ,     j .„^,.^^ ^^ ^|,.,,^ ^.^^^ j,^^ ^            ____j         __^^j Irur-l will lie sold in loU ot live aercs eacb. ' ,.,,., ,   , 	
The above desciibed .Farm uud Lots will be sold niolion of tbo I'lancls nud their butclUtcs llus lis bythe Ileirs of the s.iid ib-eeascd, tho piirebiise | sourco alonein tbo moiion of the Sun, operating inonoy to bo paid eash onilio firsi day of A|iril' |,y ;,„ poweiful gravity andtho loverge or me- ne.Mt.   Po>8ci.siiiii and   iiidisputublo titles will bo,   : .     , ,., „ ..(r.,., „p .. ,   .      »
given outhe  pnyment of iho'purehano inonoy a,, >=l"'""='" whecMike effect of iia revolulion iVom iiforc.Huid, wont 10 east ou iIh own axia onco m twentyfive
Pcrnotw wiftlnng: to view lho above propeity pre- days./This it BComB would ho quito sulficienl lo vioua to ihc thty of uale, witl ploaao o,a\\ on cither ,„qvo ttio ptuncla in their orbita and keep them of-tho Admlni.strrttorH of Riiiil decoiiacd, viz: INIi-   ntciuiy.
cimol  ll;irniali, in  F.n«l Iloiiipfmid townahip,  ori , r ,\    x-   .1 1 .1       .1
.Samuel Mycr,ii. OoncKto-^o lown»hip.   - |     'rl'« tliurnat motion of lho Lartli. and iho other
Salo 10 eoiniiicncc nt I o'-ji„ck in the aflernoon plmictP, would arise nalurally oul ol diia principle of Biiili duy, when iheloin.iB of aiilo wilt ho iinulo df orhiiual motion durivcd from lho Sun. Wheel- *'"*^''^"' -- 'ed bytho motion of tliaSunoiiilH axia, operating
thront'h tho elactie siring  of (jravily. oach of tho
[piles por eceond. It would therefore occupy a ray or parliele of liglil upwarda of 3 yeara in coming from Sirius lothe EartiA! And tie saya taking apjtarcnt magnitude as a cuniparattvc mea- flureincut ot distance, it followa thut among- the couuttcus mullitudea of fixed atara viaihlc In tolc- acopcs by llieir light, for ttie dislia of nono of lliem havc been ticcn, there must bo many "whose light has lata'u at least a ihouannd yeara lo rcacti ua; and that whon we observe their placeB and noto iheir chaiigcB, we aro in faet reading only their his¬ tory of a thousand years dalo thus wonderfully recorded.
A ncgativo calculation hoa al.'<u been made, by which ithas been proved,that from the least poM- ble ditilanco of Sirius and the light she emits. Sir* iua must from hcr intrinsic splendor be ut leaat equal lu two Sun?. Dr. Wolluston has concluded the light of Siriua to be nearly that of fourleon Suns, In fine, it is fair to conclude that all tlic fixed Stars are Suna of vaai magnilude.
Jf'rom ohaorvaliona nindo on tlio periodic relurns of Eneke'a Comet, and olhcr recent astronumieul c'xauiinations, avery rare but rc.iisiing medium  is , auppoaed to occupy space.    This is probably true. A vacuum in an anomaly, nnd it in more natural 1 thai mailer, however alienualpd, muy fill tlio vaui apparent void among tho heavenly bodine through-, out the universe.   Lot us return again from infini j tytof which unbounded space is a fair typo, to the | Solor SyBtom, thnt beauiiful organization ot mov 1 ing planclary bodies. |
Since Newton*8 time lhe received opinion is that ttiose mulions are the eunbincd rosuit of gravity 1 and an original impulse. It may bo eg, bul the . cauao aeenis unptiilosopliieot. It is nuk according lotlio usual ways of Providence to have diroct in-1 terposiiion in any of tlie operations of naiure. Moiions of nokindarelrpccd lo niiraeles or direct applicaiions of the hand of tlie Almighty. Beaidea, I think that mero gravity itself, the perturbations ; of olher planets, and  particularly  thc offect of a j
aceumulalion of mailer and prolnberanee at Iiel-! that iho walera in flowing ofT from thcir former equator. Carried along in an olipiical orbit by the j bed where the shells. &c. ore found on ihis pari of annual motion of the Sun, iho Earth would neces-' the conlinent, bore wilh lhem and deposited on the sarily be shoved or inclined toward bringing onc of edge ofihe Allantic^ where Ihey now lie, tlio wash- ils fiat aides to the Sun, restrained however as i* ¦ iuga of mud, sand und gravol, consequent upon is 10 an incUnallon of 23 deg. 28 min. by her own such a vast subsidence and flow of water lowarda diurnal motion, which would of courao le in a lino , the Atlaniic sea and Gulph of Moxico. wilh thc protuberance or equator. Thia alluvial formation, cornparalivcly of recent
We Imve perhaps gono far enough into endless jcpoailo and not yct iiardened inlo roeka, consti- apace aid theorclic speculation!.; and il is limc lo j tutcs.agreal portion ofthe tcrritorv ofNew Jeraoy, return to earlh, wlierc we uhall find matter enough Delaware, Marybuid, Virginin, the Carolinas, and for this evening.
Our Globe is composed aa ftir an kno*vn ofa sol¬ id, a liquid and a gas; to use conimon phrase, earth, wator and air, atratilied or lying upon ?uch other in ttie order mentioned. Air being the liglit- cBt in oulflide. Its quantity nr weight is known to bc about lf> pounds tu the inch, Tho thickness of lho stratum or Iioight of air is not precisely known, but itdoes nol Kcfrnct liglit above about 45 miles high. Whetlier this be ita extreme thickness, or as Herschell has calculated about 60 miles, is not material for our present purpose. Indeed, as it Is very clastic nnd expansible by heat, thu thickness of ttio stratum of air llmt surroundu ns is probably variable.
Nexl inorder is Wator, a non-elnstidflnid, whieh being lighter than the solid matter of our planet and heavier than air, lies upon the sur/iiro ofthc solid matier or crust of lho earth. If iho crust were iin a smooth spheroidal form, such as proba¬ bly it took when in a more plastic state, tlioro would be a thin slratum of wat^r covering its wliole aurfucc. But tho Barlira crust is not smooth, but haa prubably gradually seltled or shrunli into inequalitieM, tliereliy drawing tho waicr off into thc lowest places or Oceans ; whieh arc sufiieient- Ij' deprcHsed to hold all tho water and leave a por¬ tion of the wholo surfaco above wutor to form thc dryland. Still lhe largcai poriion constituting about three-filths of Ibo earth'a surface, ia eovered by the Ocean. lis average depth is about 5 rniles, and if equally spread over tho surface of the Globe, ii would thereforo constiiuie a ^ayer or stratum of water of about 3 miles in thickness. This ia a very conaidorablo depth of water, yet compared with (he bulk of tho Earth tt would relatively not near equal the skin of an ajiplc, or exceed ihut of a coat of vurniah upon a terroatrial globo.
Water in lho Ocean hna in solution about 2 J per cent, of common suit, and 1^ per eent. ofother saline compounds. The pcr centage ie Bmutl, yol in amount the salt of lhe oeoan is very conHiderublc. Wero tho water entirely evaporated iho saline rewlduc would forni a stratum of comnion salt of moro than five hundred feet in liiickncaa, covoring ihro-finhs of the Burfucoof the Globe. Thin oxhibita a large quanlity of that mineral, exlracted aa it muat havo been by its eolubility m wutor from tlml part of the Earth abovo lhe bottom of Uie Ocean. It is nol near alt yet dieaolved ; for the rocksult mines near Cracow in Poland and other places, and the salt springe, wells and licks almoat overy whoro, evince large quantities of the undissolved mineral interspersed throughoul tho crupi of tho Earlh.— Since sea water iu in somo parts of it a nearly eutu- rablo solution of salt, and tho Ocean is continually receiving on addilional supply from the suit springs running through rivers into tho Soa, it ip probably coniinually prccipitaling upon tho deop bollom of the Ocean, veina or massca of suit similar to thoao fonnd in tho salt mineo of Poland ; which no doubt worc once formed in the same way by pre^ cipilation from lho. Ocean, when it covercd tiioao parts of what is now dry land.
You may be siirpriaodat the name mineral giv^ eu to a Bubstanco of which wo almost daily awnl
so on towarda the southwest fo fllcxico. Il but burcly borders Pennaylvania along the west shore ofthc Delaware, from Tronton down lo Delaware Stale line. In fuel the i iver couraos that length along thedivinion between thc sea shore deposii above spo* ken of, andtho transition and secondary formaiion wtiich constitute tlie wliolc of Pennaylvania.
No rocks entitled to bc ealled primitive appear on thc surface of Pennaylvania. Primitive rochs are those which aro found in thc lowest relative situations, and eoiitain no remains of organic exis¬ tence. These arc generally believed not only lo beol igneous origin, but sueh ua havo been fused and eonsolidaled in place, wilhoul ever iiaving flow¬ ed ns lavas. Granite isealled tho primary or founda liou rock.und is of igneous origin, lormcd by fusion and eonaolidatcd where formed. Some rocks of grunitie appearance are fbund in many places in Pcnnsylvanvo, bul although like granite tliey bear marlts of igneous origin, and eontutn no organic re¬ mains; yet untitte granite, they are found, nul be¬ low, bullying upon oilier rocka cuntaining organic remains. They are tlierefore not primary, bul Trap or greenxlonc rocks, which in a slate effusion have, al some period ofihe world, eome up through the broken crust or depressed /isbuics m the rocks of uqueoiia formaiion, and spread oul on thc top liko lava, as wuter iasnirig ihrough a depressed crevice iu ita covering ol' ice spreuda over lhe sur¬ fiice. An in^tuncu of this sort of superimposed igneous formation may bc seen in the roclis, called in die neigh Iwr hood bastard granilo, over which the Slato Rail Roud pusses just below the Gup.— Anotlier is the Conewago trap rock, over which thc rail road to Harrishurg pusses. Bnl this rock has a more recent rcdshalo aqueous layer of consider¬ able tlitckness deposited on il; lho Trap being ihns enclosed between two rocks or strata of sediment¬ ary formation. These atruU, bolh aqu'^.oua and igneous, ore now found subsided still further Into a conaiderable depression or basin of ovul form, sever¬ al milos in extent.
Thc lowost and hence Uie otdeal of our formu- tions exposed lo view hy denudation or otiicrwisc.
In tlie mountainous region of Pennsy I viuila.di reel¬ ly north of n^, in the parallel hollows formed casi and west by thc regular zigzag or dipping and ris¬ ing of tho stratification aa jusl monlioned, lic Uie three Anthracite Coal Basins, containing ull lhal valuable mineral in the state; and all that in well known to exjtbin large quantilics in Uie United States, The veins ofcoal are in the strata com posing the uppcrmost,and ofcourse the newest formations or deposites in Pennsylvania; ond are, measuringpcr- )>endieular lo the stratifieatiun, four to five miles nbovo the limeatone just described. The whole mountain strata from thc limeatone to the coal in¬ clusive, arc inilined at an average anglo of 45 de¬ grees ; dipping of course from thn south to the norUi and vice versa ofeach basin or (rough, in the shape of a V.
ThcFC ihree basins contuining Anihrucilc, cacti extend about 40 milea in lengih, and average 2^ miles in breadth. The one nearest to n» commences on thc cnsl at Mauch Chunk on thc Lehigh, and extends by thc PoHsvillo and Pinegrove mincs,quite througli Suhuytliill couuty to thc Duuphin ciumty line, wlierc it furks Uke a swallow tail into two nnrrow basins. The moro northern onc, striking into the middle of Lykens Vulloy, forms thut coal region, ending about 10 iniles cast of the Susque¬ hanna. The aouth furk, running westward, south of Petera Mounlain, ends about theaame distance from thc river. The middle Basin has its western end about 7 milca east of the Susquelianna, and 12 mites nortli of Lykens Valley coal mines. It ex¬ tends eastward about 40 miles, tcrntinating as tlic other not far from the Lehigh; ut which end the Heaver Meadow coat ia mined, while towards thc western end the Shamokin coal is obtuined. Be. tween the second and third eout tiusins thero is a Kiiiult indent»lion commencing a few miles cast of ihc lown of Catawiswa, in which there ie aome cont; t)iit it is comiMiratively of iiieunEtderabIc extent. It is worthy of remark ttiat tliese hollows or basins in which the coal liea, arc turned up atthe ends, forming generally knebs Uko thc prow ofa cunoe. Along the eiiytern ends of tbo first lwo, the Le¬ high trnecB it course ; and tlie north branch of the Susquehanna has been forced westward by lhe cdgos of theae hasina to ils junction with tlie West Branch ut Sunbury, whence the combined rivcr Bweeps sijuth, rtiund tlicir western points to tho ocean. Wilkcsb.irre is .siiuated in the middle oftlic third and IunI hnsin, exiending about 20 milea euatwurd from that town up the Susfjuchanna and Laeknwunna to ('orbondiilc, und about thc sunic dislanco down the NorUi Brunch. Tho river eonies iulo lliu baliii, forming a junclion with ttio f>acka- wanna aI*oul 10 mllea above, and leaves it Uic same distance below Wilkesbarre.
The Conl Hlrala, about 800 yarda iu thickncsa.lio on or rallier ill a hed of heavy congtoinerale or quartz pebble stone rock, exceeding 100 yards in Ihick¬ ness. Tllis is a very well cemenlcd and alnio:it in- dcstructnbte conglomerate, sustaining ihe mountain wliieh forms llic edge or brnn of eueh coul basin;
or anlitliuiil 11X03 as Gcologirtis rnll Uieni, lying teiigthwnys in tlie interior oftlie ha:'io,aro frecpicnt- ly of cimMulernble elevation, forming ridges ap¬ proaching to mountains; nnd when cut across by ravines of sirctiuia of wuicr ao u^ lo disclose llio ends of Uie vein!*,they fi»rm very favoruhle mining laud, liaving in many instuneea all the veiiia push¬ ed up Againat each other in aliupe like the roof of a liMUwe. ut a conveiiieut angle for mining by drilb* from the ruvine.
It is the generally received opinion that coal is of vegelable origm, bul llic conjecture ia probably not correct. 'I'hal trunks of trocs or oilier vegeta¬ ble mutier coutd have been ao cquid y spread over the whole bottom ofllie oecan or lake, ua the regu¬ lar ihicknesB o( lhe smallest coul vein oxhibiis, arid
f:in, formed of itie broken surfuco of iho earth, whictl once was lying unbroken in a horizontal luyer or crust. Cuutd upheaving or ex[>unfiivs furco frum below, have thius broken ihc cruot and puilu ed ils strips, inclined proplike, againat each other? The crust of the earUi among the mountuins, und even here, if spread out inlo Ita ori^-inal level po¬ siliun, wuuhl cover ahiiuBt one-third more surfsca thun il now occupies. Could its iireacnt crumpleii stale have been produced by interior fulword force, or expansion by heat beneath ? Ii would be dilfi¬ cult to give answers tu ttlc^e qnewliun^ in '.ho uffir- muiive.
Varioui (ixamtnution* have been rnaiio tending to prove internal heal. The mercury in the iher- inometor rises,  uh it  Is towered through shafts of
tliat too in a hontogciicous muss free from inter' 1 deep mines. The Freneh have almovt a passiou mixluro with pebbles, sand or mud, Is not likely, j for boring /\riesiaii Wells making natural foun. Vegetable mutter ia not created by the growth ofve-' tains. Recently aome pernona in the neighbor- gelation. Ils miiterials existed in sgnie form before , hood of Parla hud bored to llie greut depth of 400 vegetation commenced; and it la more in occor- loiscs. M. Arago, the philosopher, avuili.-d hiiusolf dance ^itli the simplicity ol nature's operations to of the opportunity to measure the internul heat, Hup[iose carbon, or coul, to have bren precipitaied and found his tlicrmometer when at the bulloid in water, from carbonic aeid if you ctioso, by the ! hud risen lo 1)2^. The reault, Uio account sujb, oxygen having been withdruwu from the aeid by [shows thai by ponotruling 100 toisca deeper a well onc of nature's cheniicul uffiiiiliea. Tina would be Jor artesian fountuin of hot water nmy bo obtained a more siinplo process Uiau first to extract ihe ear- I al Puns. Impressions of tropical vegelaliun fuund bon ot their organization by growing vegetableH, ; tn straiu lowarda die poles prove the Burfuro wurra- outof which to form eoal veins by strewing that C' iticro fornierly tlian al preaenl. Even yet con- vcKetnhle matier overUie luke or ocean, and theu , siderable heat is radiated froi.i the surface, as is to be roofed over by a dc|iosil sedimentary ur chem- [ shown by the stow exiruetlon of trost undera dee^ ieal of the malerial whieh forma conlslale ruck;'covering of liglil snow. ThubO unil innny oilier und that too withoul intermixture with thc vege- evidences that inight be adduced, render tho table matter deposited under it! Tliu fund of cur- i theory of internal heat highly probubl*-. And from b<in combined wiih oxygen in thc shite of ciirboiiie i the (luuniilies of i'uaed matter lhal appear to have acid, has been and in very largo both iu the uir and [ is.sucd through Iruclurea of tlic solid eniat, and water, and in a cuinbiiied solidified siute in rocks. ' spread ilsclf out in a heated fluid alule on ihoiur. The nnmcn.ie Mme-stonc stratificalion of the globe 1 '"^ce, we musi come to the coneluaiuu Unit a large is composed of 43 per cent, or more Ihan two-filUis ; portion, ifnot ull the interior was, ond perhaps ofcnrb(micaeid solidified. That rock lias therefore j »t'" '«. molten. The non-conduciing qualities of carbon, or Uie malerial of pure eoal, sufficient, if; the materiala compoaing Uie erual render the ea- exlracted by decomposition,  lo form   a atrnluinofi cape of heul notv very slow.
coal   thoiisiinds  of feel  Uiiek   uround  lhe whole j     I do uot supjioae Uiut Uie fiery   internul heat of earth.    Did Uie-linicstone obtain its carbon from   'be eurlh tiaa beon   produced by neur approich or
vegetation, 0/ direct from nalure'a laboratory 7
But tbia is a question of mere Bpcciilative fl"Eiencc, llic solution of whieh is nol praeiically inuterial. We/tauc the anltiraritecuat in our hills to the north, and bituminous   coal almost overy   where lo the
contact wllh the Sun or nny ignited body. A mor» simple, and it ia aupposed quite a rational cauio wouldbe by Uic iinmense weight or gravitating pressure of the materials lowarda the centro of the globe, producing, perhaps conUnued  chemical
west, let tlieir carbon have been grown, precipilaled, ; aciion, certainly condensation, and of conrse iha or deposiled in what nianner it may.      , evolution of free caloiic.    This, it seunis, would bo
It has been generally suppused that all northern . sufficient to have fused und kept hol the whole in- Pennsylvnnia was filled wilh anUiracite eoal, bnt, lerior or pulp uf our Ball. The water round tha Ihut is a very mistukeu OMinion. U will be per-| eartli, together with Uie maierials of which 11 im ceived thai the whole exientof our unUiraeileeoal j composed ami Uie oUier g-vea have, by thcir ab- fields ia not very great; ua the tliree buains, each j sorbtion of heal, chemical uclion, and friction on ,. ubuut 40 milca long and 2i broad, amount logether ; Uie beovier malerial beneath, formed a erosion only lo 300 square miles of oul land. Lnncas-! the surface; while by the eacupo of heat inlo ter County eoutuius upwards uf 1000 square miUs j space, throngli it.-* nutural tendency ua free calorio of lerritory; and tlierefure it will bc seen that all | lo un equilibrium, the outside has been slowly the anihracile coat basins luken together, ure nul, burdening deeper, and ihc wliole globe refriger- cquul in extent to one fourth of this cnunty.    Yet,   ating.
allhough nf limited surface it is aurprrzingly fertilo Most bodies of matier by prpsaure and coiulen- in coul, contuining u supply ahunduiiUy auHirient sation arc heated. No one will deny that the gruv- fur agea, which fromthe inclination of thc veins itation of innlter in a globe towards its cenlre, if rendering Uieiu every one workable even above Ilic ¦' it were lurge, would prodnce pressure, condensu- wuter levo|, may lie cheaply procured. 1 tiou and lieut.    Il ia not an impossible  conjecture.
But ifthe uiithrueiie eout region of Peimsylvania   therefore, Ihul even tho fiery ticut and  apparently is of small extent, Uie bituminous conl slruta cov.   ignited surface of ihc Sun huve their origin in  tha
er nonrly ono fourUi of lhe aiuio. Thore is a very pretty lilllc biluuiinoua coal field cust of tho Alle¬ gheny Ridge in Bedford County, covermg a terri¬ tory of some fifteen miles square. It is in quality very Uke and neuriy ranges willi llie Cumberland
wonderfully powerful gravitaUng nnd coinpro^aing efiecl of the materials of so vast a round body, evolving culoric to such a degree lliaX no cruit eould yet form. Though allow timc enuugh.und it nmst become as eoid ond dark as the  eurlh her-
coal. WiUl Uiut exception, all the bituminous coal self. We need not be alarmed, however, for thi* of PciinaylviUiia lies wesl und' noritiwest ol the! titUe planet will Iwconic unfil to he inhuhtted. or Allegheny Ridge. There it is truly uhundant, 1 be gone, long ere lbs light of Uie Suu guca out, by ¦oveiing in tiorizoniul hiyera about ten eonnlies en-   its outside becoming cool.
tirely and several others iu  purl, uud  is uf excel, lent quality.
Alt England and Ireland il is Aaid contain about 2000 square ludea of coal lund; ihrough the euat and iron prodiul ofwhich. llnit people exorcise cnn- aidoruble swuy, und grout iidlucnco over the civiliz¬ ed world. The Stale of Pennsylvania hua ten timea that qnnntliy at least etpnitty productive in coul and iron, the ore existing ua in Knglund, but in larger vciiin.uniong the cimt slates. Whut It) to hinder us from  imliaiing British enterprize,  and
and thus preacrving the coul itself, which out of the   manufaciuring at  onco,  ut leasl
enough for
basins has been long sinee worn down by the ele¬ ments and swept awny. This conglomerate sholl round each cnal basin, It will be remembered, dips down on each side of lho baain at an average un- glo of dfi degrees, and consequently the sides, is clic vusL Limcslone bed on whicli Lnncaater joining together ul Uie bottom nnd at each end, stands.    Il may be called   transition; boeauae ul-1 form a hollow or trough,   prcci.sely like  u bont or
ihough alratilied into layers and  evidently mould-   cnnuc, Its onda being more elevated Uiuii ttic moun-; alt tho world hesidc^
cd by water, it has but few marHs of shells or uth-  mm sides, in consequence of the conglonicralc be-,    There ia perhaps one other brunch of my sub¬ er anin^al remains imbedded in it marking their ex-   ing there of a doublo  Uiicknesa.    This rock thus j jecl that ought to be  touched  upon before I con.
ourselves, ond .siMm our aisler Slutea ?
Tbe wehtern biluminous coal field iloca not lur- miiiutc ut the stute line, hut extends llirougbout a large portion of tho Mississippi Valley. Ifin ihia Biute it covers the surfuee of whole couniies, be¬ yond uur limits ilsprcuds over whole states. Its quuntity is incuteutable,  perhaps grouLer than in
The Earth thus condensing- by pressure and tho esca|.e of heat, has been, and still probably is. slowly conlraciing ils diinonsions, Thia procos* of shrinking would be adequate, and 1 imagine it has produced lhe disruption, inctiuulion. und ir¬ regularilies of tho rocky surfuee oftbe earth; for, lhe inlerior mutter condensing, (lie solid crust being unsustained from within, intjat eontruet il« aize also. Ifthe strata forming the crust had boen in a soft or plianl state, it would havc been boul like tho akin of a shrivelled apple. But becoming solid, hard and almohl non-elastic, it muBl necessa¬ rily break into pieees in eoniorming itself 10 th« rcirurcd size of lhe subslanee enclosed by it. K lhe crust Imd been in alt places equally ihick and fllroug, the efl*e<'t of coiiiructtoii would hnve been. to break it mio pieees of neuriy eiiual aize and crumple ihcm np into inclinations uod dopresaiona pretty regularly all over tlio aurfuce. But il is known thut from Bomo cause large areas of tho crusi, auch us ihc valley of the Mississippi, and perhaps ihe   bed of the Atlantic nexl to ns, hava
subsided widi slighl, if uny, disruptions of lhe strata, and ihcy cuotiniio in one e.vlcnded sheet" nearly horizontal. Tiiis would cause the disrMp- tion aud other conse(]uciices ef cuulruclioii to ¦ oc¬ cur butween   Ihese larpe  horizontal  mastfea, nnd
iBteueo at lho lime it wna formed.   This formation 1 forming a canoo shaped mountain enclosing the | dude.   Yct ii is so exceedingly difficult  thai, in
is very extensive.    It ia identical wiUi the Down-  coal, u lying in a red shale rock of the same shape, i^do expInnuUon about lo be given,  I must  be cx-
ingtown valley Vmicstone ; us may bo seen by iruc-' exceeding hulf a mile in thickness.    Bul from its ¦ cused if lurge drafts are mutle upon llio imagina-
ing that valley up, Ull alBour's quarries, Huwkes-   easy disintegrulion this haa hecn  worn  almost to  tion.    Thc exposed surface of ol leual the  moun-
ville nnd Providence Factory it is found to coniieei I the level of Uio  river in  many  places,  forming a M;iit,oiia purts of our Stale, is entirely  of uqucous
wiUi that of thia valley, exiiibiting at the junction , clmimet or trench nearly all nround  the congtom- ( formation.    Its beds are fiited with rolled pebbles, j throw the dihruptiona  into ranges as in the Aite
that lho  alraluni is thcsaino.    Tho top rocka of, orate mountain, along which  inmost instances a ! ahells and uUicr remains uf animals   that inhabit-I gheuies.    (t will be ?een ulao, that lhe  horizontat
slates   und  sandstones,  which   onn   thc dividing   heavy atroam of ivuter ia flowing.    This red slialo; gj ivater.    Among its upper hiycra nre remains of' muss on each nide of llio Allegheny ranges would.
ridges between tho two valleys, being there nearly   rock is lying in unothcr still larger ba?iii composed ; amphibious nninia's and vegctuli!e  iinpresaiuns.— ! us aulisidiiig and cuntraction  went ou, operate a%
worn oO; exhibit Uio limestone beneath aa Uie same'of a   sundaiune  and   conglomerate  ruck of vuat! ^11 the marks go to prove conelusively, Uiut Uie   lateral props to push thc broken slrips of tho Alio-
Ocluyoi 2;.  IdU.
MK;irAKT. riMiNisir. ^ ..
in both. Il is the same bed of limeatono also, lliul thickness, forining another mountuin or shell round ; whole muss from bottom to t'.ip is a series of de- flipping lo lho south under the sluto and sand stone nil sides of the coal-fi^ld ut some disnmeo from it. posiles. onee nearly level or of but slight inclina- dcpoBites ut the Gap, us along the wholo souihern   This is generally called the Second mountain; nnd   (ion, in waier.
border ofthe Lancasler limestone valley,rc.appear8 \ \x again ties in a mass of red shale, blending down- , At ihia time the slnitiliculinu is liiund broken in tho valloy along whichyou paaa by rail road, xvards intu brown, green and blue etute rock to lhe lohgitudinalty into ns many sltips lus thero are Uirough Downingtown to Philadelphia; and which limestone. Thua it will be seen that euch anlhra- ranges of ilic Allegheny :Mounlniiis.and ils pieces again dips to the south under the ulatn, &c. und re- cite conl basin lies in a seriesof [ong boatliko shells tilled or inclined in nn idlcrnuiu series from Soulh lown eonaideruble quantiiy. It is nevorUioIcsa ' appears along hy Doc Hun; and ngnin dipping lo to the number of fivo, thc limestone slrutification to North, und North to South, lunning an elevated not incorrccl, as the basis of commou or Moa-aatl is   the south re-appears at Pyles quarries, and along in   ijcing thc outside or lowermosi. ¦ and depressed  zigzag of llio  w hole  stratificalion
acluully a metal called Sodium. Suli is a chemical I thnt valley lowards Kcnnctt's Squure, in Chesler Tlie coal voina or seams nro ubout thirty or foriy |af U-^c Allegheny Mounluin region. Not a mark ' componnd of Sodium with Chlorine, a gas,, in ibe^ County. ] in nuinber, varying tn ihickness   from  that rnnny  of Volcanic uetion or iniernal effort appears nmong
' ratio of llieir equivalents; and Uieir afiinity reanlts Going norUiWurd oul ofour vullcy, lhe limraioiiR icet to a few inches, and running with great regu- tho materials uf tlie surface. The elevaied edges > in common sall.achr>staliz<;dsuhBlance, in chemi- will bo fonnd 10 disappear umler the Conewago | hirity from end to eud oflhc bnsin. Each tme is of tlio leust doairuetibte layers of the broken strul- ! oal lunguago called Chloride of Sodium. ! IJilla.    Theso hills  arc but an   cxlenaion of the | in facta thin shell, lining the stratum uf die basin   ifieulion form ihn parallel ranges of ihe hills and
I     Tims Ihcn tho surfuee of the KarUi is composed ' Soutb Mountain, called tho Blue Mountuin. whero; immediately under it.    Tim average  thickness of mountains, and many if not all of Ihum are foumi 'of llireo-fifiha occun und two-fifihs land.    If from ' it reaehca Virginin nt Harper's Ferry.    The rocks; the veins is about fi  feel.    The  order of tlieir su-   nearly straight for 30   or 40 miles  «iid   upwards. Uho iwn-fiflhP culled, erroneously, land, we deduct   compoaing this cliuin of hills or mountuin, lio lua ' perposltion is, first a vein lyingon u slate bed close   Yet Uic  received, und   Ibelieve   as   yet ! the space occupied by polar ico, und eternal snow ;  depression or hollow in this vast hed oflimeslone,' xo the lip ofthc conglomernto rock.    Above,as un.   Irudieted opinton ainoiig Geologists i^ 'by sandy deserts, aterite mountains, maraticH, riv-   which rises uguin on the nnrlh side of tho mountain Ura and  lakes, llic Imbitublo poriion will  scureoly   inlo Lobanon und Cmnhcrtund  vullcy.    I helievo ' oxcoed oncfiflh  of the whulo Glube. \ it is aeon in that vuiley us one contiiiudua bed of
Tho general clevaUon oftho bind abovo the snr-   limcslone quile aeresi Virginia; and euslward by
unt^on- ihat these der, ia always a sinuoih (lu-e of'slute rulled the rouf elitfs of mountains have, against the a' tion and This alale at various degrees of thickness, sonio. priilciples of gravily, been upheaved inlu these limes a few feci, sometimea as many ynrds, blends long ^^tratght (iiiea by .some liery etiuri in lho iii- with und chrtiiges inlo a saudfitono or small pebble   terior olthe canh !    1 r:aunoi bring myself, lo be-
iMrouirntnueiui'iii'Siiiiini'ii;'" ""J' ""-¦¦•¦ —, ...— j       «,iui^ii,,tjiuii;iLf>i<iiui'>'>>'<"  .-— •—  — . -¦ ii'i,' cii     1     1
m.l7   iilancuiy Imll. by   iu Icndoii.y lo ob.y fravily ' laco of tho aea, i. conipamlively very lilllc.   Two   Keading .nd Kaslon acio.. N.w Jersey imo Nuw   slone ro.k, which ..gam WenU. and changej inlo a licvo that ihc disniplioi, and tilling ol lho bruken
ghcny sirata inlo fan.like folds. Such I iinagin. is lho or'.gin und piocess ot* fonmitinn of ull lho great chuinrt of mountains in lho world,
TliP cause then of mountains and valleys in Iho Htrali6cation is not CTpansion but conlrai'lion, not upheaving but siibsiding. nm a bieaking foilh or inon);i.so of internul tirc, bul by condciualioil and cvolulionof heal, u gradual cooling.
Il is not denied llmt Vulcanoa, llic chimney, or voiii'i lo thia interior molten mass, do cflect va.t chonBrs by ihrowing out, during tho whole period of thcir lix'tntcncu, conBiderable mounlaini of now hardeni'd lava. Bul there arc comparutively nolh¬ in" 10 the Olher inciiualities of the earth's surfaoe. At all events, it is scientificiUIy impossible that tho halffoldcd utriitificalion of rooks uf tho mountain ranges of tho Alleghony Chain, could have be.n so pluecd by vulcanic action or uny Lind of up¬ heaving*
Su fur indeed um 1 Irom bolie.ing that volcano, produce tho niountains, us lo imagine il not impro. hahlu ihut, on llic contrary, botli sliock. of Eanh. Huakcs and irruptions of Volcano, may b« iracad