Pittston Gazette and Susquehanna Anthracite Journal

              —i . PITTSTON GAZETTE, fir AND SUSQUEII NNA ANTHRACITE JOURNAL. % atoklij 33etn®)ta)irr- ( Itaijfei) to Unu. litiroturt, politics, tjjt ffintontilt, milling, 3Mtrj)oitirol, oiiii %irttlttrsl Stoftrrafa of fjtit Cnnatrif, Stasfrurtion, amuatnitnt, fa. )-Cino Mora pt flnmtin. VOLUME 3.-NUMBER 25. PITTSTON, PA., FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1853. WHOLE NUMBER 129. counties* number of mercantile exchanges, the supply of its manifold wants. From the records of ancient history we the historian. All, all that remains to tell the present of its past, 'is the bare record of iis history, As we pursue the study of the history of the world and of mankind, the next great theatre of civilization is found in Western Europe. Anciehl Britain was peopled by a tribe of tho Gauls or ("Jells who are rep. resented as tD most ferocious people, con. THE PITTSTON GAZETTE tion. If an individual produces a sufficiency only for a baro subsistence, lie would still remain in a slate of barbarism. ihe common customs of (lie people, ns gathered from their general history, As populalion incieased, as social, civil, and commercial intercourse brought men oftener in contact and rendeted their interests ac!- verse, necessity dictated for their governmen1 customs or laws. Christianity and civilization naturally dispelled barbarism and military prowess, until such customs or laws were agreed upon by common consent. The objeets of the governed being ; 1st, such laws as would protect the iridi. vidual, and 2d, such as would be benefit cial to his neighbor. Experience taught litem that one u as dependant upon another —hence common senoe dictated that it was but reasonable that individuals should surrender their individual rights to a cer. tain degree, in order that suc4i customs or laws should be of a general or common character, and bear alike upon all. Here, then, originated the maxim or its principle of which we #6w boast, "the greatest good to the greatest number," Common law, then, u nothing more nor less than the common consent, dictated by tlie common sense of thosa to be governed, lience it was that Loid Bacon, one of the most distinguished jurists of ills age, and perhaps of the world, declared that all latv was founded only In common sense. The ingenuity of the lawyer, the sophistry of the advooate, and the cunning of the counsellor may perrerf it, but the learned and up. right jurist fs certain never to lose sight of this grand principle. government, the adoption of our glorious Const (tut ion, mid the philosophy which tenches tho principle that man is capable of self government. The government tinder which we live, whose foundation stones are cemented together by tho blood of our revolutionary sires, has attracted the merited admiration of all Christendom. The progress of agriculture, manufactures and commerce have, since our political organization, and during the short period of our national existence, exceeded that of any people, of whom the pages of either sacred or profane history make mention. Nearly three fourths ol a century have parsed since the organization of our government, and under what government have the arts' and sciences progressed as they have under our own ? The history of no other gov. ernuuent affords a parallel, whose people have advanced in civilization to that do- I gree, which the history of the United 8tales shows its people to hare advanced in so short a time. No Amerioan, no slu- j dent of American history, who now site : down and examines the map of the United States, and from its history learns its prog.-, ress, and the rapid advance it has- made, ! cannot but be proud of the country of his birth or adoption. The small huddles of his pilgrim fathers on the sea coast have grown to powerful cities. The progress which has thus far marked the Ameiican age has cleared away the forest wilds, expel led their savage ocoupants, peopled our wide domain with an accomplished and intelligent people, built up in the place of the place of the lude Indian wigwam, in- | numerable villages and populous cities, ' Irom the seashore to, nnl be\oid the Mi:. : sissippi. American civilization has exten. ded nearly to the base of the Rocky Moun- rot used the following language in his first inangiral message to Congress in D817. "Had the people of the United States 6eea educated in differeet principles, had they been less intelligent or less virtuous, can it be believed that we should have maintain, ed the same steady and consistent course, or been blessed with tho same success 1" Thirty-six years have elapsed since he propounded that interesting interrogatory, but may not the student of history now ask the same question, with equal confi. dence ? Mr. Monroe further said, "while, then, ilia constituent body retains its present sound and healthful state, everything is safe." May not the historian student declare, with confiding boldness, one thousand years hence, "everyihing is safe," so Ion# as intelligence and virtue form the leading characteristics of the American people. AND kusquclrnim Anthracite Journal When ho produces beyond the necessity of his daily wants, that would be ;he first step towards civilization. Accumulation be. came nccessary for more extended production, as production did to a more extended accumulation. Thus it was, that production nnd accumulation, became the basis of commerce. To a certain extent, accumu- learn ilial, so soon as lliesn commercials changes commenced, it was (bund nrcossa ry that properly, when accumulated, sliouk he safe in the hands of its possessors. It was upon the early and instinctivo observation of this truth, that linvs for the pro. tection of properly were introduced. Jn the earliest period of civilisnotion it was PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY •; M RICHAUT 81 II. S. PHILLIPS, MflM Wnt tidi •/ Mai* Si ml, *rc»W itnry •/ f*« "fang 8t*r4u if 8it Her St Wuoili fa* ♦'+# * Jovnisil" is pablMwd every Frldnjr, at fVtnuin. T#» Dollnr* nnd 1'ifiy 'HU will be charged If not paid within the Dmr. ■ • ii«i.'"r will be dlKoniinUM limit nil nfnmratfr* nrp pfid, wj InKTtod coo«|)lcuuuHlj al Oh* Uol, _ , n-'i of fourteen linen ft* three iffseftlnii» : MdC2 -nC. additionalforoVeff •uW.ju. fil Etertl" . AUber.t MuciNtt to tho* w8o adri-nta. f#r tlx month* or the Whv'e D'e"r* , , /•» Work.—We have with  * well selected aMortment of Jo. Tin, »'-lX ble ut to execute, in the neatest «rerj \. painting.  tin* ally at war wiih their neighboring tribes. Before the age *of Cmsnr, howev* er, the Smith Eastern parts of Britain had taken seme steps towards civilization.— The* had made soiro progress in the arts, nnd bv agriculture had increased to a con. sidernble number. Eventually, the Gaulic nation was ovorrun by CKsar, who afterward# invaded Britain, (n the meantime the Roman empire, hitherto powerful, rapidly approached its dissolution. Reducrd to extremities at home and worn out by foreign expeditions, the Romans were now no longer able to lend further assistance to the Briiaius. The Saxons who, at this period, were regarded among the most warlike tribes of (.{(many, had spread themselves from the northcM parts ofGer. ninny and taken possession of the s?a coast from the River Rhine far tJ the north.— They continued their emigrations, waging war with all who came in their way or opposed their interests, until they required great power, and the possession of several kingdoms resulted which, after a contest of nearly 150 years of war and bloodshed, Eventuated in the Union of the seven Saxon kingdoms, known as the Heptarchy.— Under the Roman dominion, the Brit.iins had made some progress injthe arts and in civilization. By this onion, a civil and political organization was effected, which promised some degree of future tmnqnlli. Iv to the inhabitants of Britain. The heptarchy clso promi.«cd encouragement to the arts, advantages to agriculture, progrc*# to civilisation an ' a degree of peace pervaded ilint mixed nnd belligerent people. It may perhaps be regardtd as thefirst point made ; in civiltzati u on continental Europe.— J Soon, however, followed the invasion of! William the Conqueror, ivtich eventuated j in what is known as the NornlaP conquest. Through a long series of years, the inhabitants were continually d slurbrd by Inter, nal wars. AH, however, that pertained to primitive civilization had now dawned upon that barbarous country, and given slight evidence of its eflleacy upon that people, which barf since become the most distinguished portion Of the w8rlri. As wetracc ilie hlMory of that country, and its people, through succeeding years, nnd particular, ly through the period designated by Hal. lam, as the Mid lie Age*, we become acquainted with the Feudal Sys'em. From | i he history of that system we receive our i improsions ol the manner in which landed property was first divided among the peo pie—the conditions upon which they occupied it—the reason why it lntroduc?d an aristocracy and ra's:d over the people a Monarch, Ik-re too, xve learn the origir. of the vaiious title?, incidsi.t to a monnfcliicul form of government, indicating titled preference and distinction. It is the Feudal System which leaches us the manner in which ihe many lurge, overgrow n arid now princely wealthy estates had their origin. Ii: those days it was, that the laws of piimogenltive and hereditary rights had their origin, nnd the necessity for them among an aristocratic people and under o monarchical form of government. The nncient inhabitants of Continental Europe, acquired their possessions by conquest.— The same principle nnd motive which actuated its earliest inhabitants in their acquisitions, has influenced the policy of the Fnglish Government from the middle ages uutil the present. By steadily pursuing such policy, their conquests have been carried to ihe remotests parts of the earth, nnd has enabled them to boast that upon the possessions of the Queen of the Brittisli Empire, the sun never sets. Her com. mcrce has grown and her maritime power been extended, until she tiinmphantly boasts that her po*-er is supreme upon the land, and that England is the Mistress ol ■ he seas. After the Norman conquest, so. c-iety began to assume a form, neighborhood regulations naturally sprung up, municipal laws were agreed upon by common con Iaiion was tho dictate at necessity, in the earliest age of civilization. It was the instinctive struggle of man to provide for hfrttself against the elements and want.— lie tit on tie found, that nature was so exuberent, lifer productive powers so full of activity, and human skill so capable of rapiu development,' that a very great abun» dance he aCcunfiulaletl more than was ncce8fc.?rV f°r a kCtre subsistence.— Hut aecumulutioif, and the afttUlmOlatloti of the same articles, would not of itself produce commsi C, because there would j be no exchanges. Konce, «"1 the progress of social man, it soon Jiocnmf? apparent that no two individuals had ill* su/ne taste for like pursuits, precisely the a# OB j«.**ver for a particular business, nor the same skill to inanago ditlcrcnt vocations. Jn one calling, one excelled, and one in another. One was more apt as a hunter, another more successful as a fisherman. In discovered, that tlio only way in which man could bp elevated from barbarism was, by being protected and secured in the possession of whatever lie might have sa. ved from tho required necessities of his daily consumption. This reservation was his resource in tho day of sickness ; this the support on which he would depend in the hour of infirmity and old age, and this the means by which he would alleviate the wants of thoso dependant upon him.— These accumulations too, would be a fund frord whiph, by a mutually beneficial system of exchanges, all could contribute to tho supply of the wants of their fellowmeri. I'o disregard the principlo which protects whatever man may have earned or acquired—to destroy the assurance that tli6 field which h'e may have enclosed and flant.'d in his younger days, as a collateral h£aii,.'*l the wants of advanced age— that so n.uctt °f i's abundance fts he tuay Introductory Lecture, Delivered before the Piltston Lyceum, January 13, 1853. BY DAVIS ALTON, ESQ. 1 ho comparative history of' England, France, Spain, ffnd the United States ex; einplify this truth. Jn 175$ England, j France and Spain were old, mature, and established States. Then the United Slates bad no political existence. Everything in Amterica was of a provisional and temporary character. Thirty years from that dufe England lost her acquisitions it* the United States. Franoe, in a struggle with England, at lhe junction of the Morrongahela and Alleghany rivers, lost her possessions in the United States andf was blotted fromi our maps. Spain has lost Mexico and Texas. She has lost all her possessions in America except the Islands of Cubs nfid Porto Ricoi In 1853, the United States are in undisputed posssesjion of all the territory which she acquired by '.hp Revolutionary war. To this territory sho has addrd largely. By the natural laws of progress, her States have increased fram 13 to 31, and her population from 5,. 000,000 to 25,000,000. It is a singular fact, that those tbreo powers, once so largely in possession oi territory in the United States, now exercise no political power here, but annually send to the United States hundreds of thousands of their starving population, where they find political and religious freedom, employment and bread. And it is a still more singular f»ct that those emigrating from Ireland alone have, during the past three years, sent back to their friends nearly 95fiOJQOQ. 1 lie great historical and political truth elicited by such facts is, that those old and well established Kingdoms, governed by Monarch*, have stood still during the past one hundred years, while our own, during the same period, under the influence of republicanism, has growh great } and can now give employment and subsistence to their tarnishing millions. It can do more fhain this—it can give homes to European destitution, and gardens to European want* ypubliskeJ by Rrqutsl of the Lyccum \ In compliance with your request, Gentlemen of ilie Lyceum, I. appear before you at ihix time. I do so, for the purpose of discharging a duty which you have inipo. tied upon me this evening, in the exercises of your ins'itution. by an introductory lecture to a series of lectures which aro to follow from different gentlemen, during the present winter. This institution has beeu organized, for the meritorious purpose of promoting mental and moral improvement among the young men of our community. The objects of those most active in its or. gnnist.iti'm were, to collect a library of hooks best adapted to tlx ir use ; to lay the f.iuntlnlii.'ii of scientific mid literary prodilutions ; to make provision for instructive loluies; me! to uflord opportunities for literary composition ui.d titbu'e. It would be superfluous in me to undertake any labored commeiirii lion of a'i institution, aimi ig at niicIi high mid noble objects as these. 'i'ii be regarded with Invar, it needs only to be nmiKMl in a rD Heeling and well meaning c immunity. It bus alrendv been approved :iv it.j g' mm J fruits, in the experience of ti;oCe who have participated in its exerciseiand, enjoyed iu advantages. It has re. i: 'ived'ii ftivotitble notice trom the citizens i i w hove mi ist it is located, and flattering comments from deserving gentlemen, who, o.i lorniT ocea-i m*, huvo performed the ; ilir v u liich, on the present occasion, has doolved nnor. me. due time it was found that, by making a specific business of some one occupation, each could attain to a higher d'-greeof ex. cellence than was possible, should each one undertake to manufacture and proriuce everything foi himself. Here then, commenced a division of labor, and at this pe- not require ibr immediate consu'mptioh, will remain a safe against acciden1 and misfortune—would b#t |o annihilate ail incentive to exertion and ci .''lizniion. The doctrine that denounces acoiin.''lotion and its protection, is the philosophy «•' barbarism. It subjects nitin to a condition 'ow- We have thus passed hurriedly over two great and important periods in 1 lie hixlorv of the world, giving a general outline of the rise, progress and extent of agriculture, commerce and civilization, and the arts and sciences. We »now come to the history of our own country. Like Asia and Africa, and ancient Britain, we find that itK primitive inhabitants were compos, cd of wandering tribes of Savages. To Christopher Columbus the world gives the credit of having discovered the North American continent.. With him, however, historians make the Northmen tfispu e that crtdit, who are supposed to ht*Vr discovered that portion of our continent nbout Newfoundland, previous to the di*6o*efy of ;he West India Clauds by Columbus. At this point in the study of the hidtory of our country, tho very important and serious question arises whether Ibid continent vvns not inhabited by a highly cultrvotcd, refined, ami intelligent race of men, long previous to its discovery by either the Northmen or Columbus. By consulting geography, which has been represented as ono oC tiio eye* of history, wo aro con. firmed in this opinion. To :4Dis conclusion too we are irresistibly led, when we examine. the indisputable evidences presented by the numerouB mounds, fortifications, and monuments, which are everywhere to found in almost every State of llie confederacy,riod com.nerce b"g:m A division of la or in the scalp of human government, thai! bor led to the production and manufac;ure of such articles as the nntural tastes, pow. many of the nativo tribes in tho forest wilds of nur western territory. Were lie »niris. It has overleaped their rugged heights, and taken stronghold upon and along the shores of the Pacific. Arrived ers and skill of the different individuals naturally inclined and fitted thei«i to uflFor for exchange. The hunter who has dres- placed in a paradise ot plenty u; on this condition, bo would see it ripen and rot, and suffer it unheeded. As en illustration upon the shores of the Pacific ocean, we sed two deer skins or has capturej two bulfdlo.-s and stripped them of their robes, exchanges one for a sack of salt or a garmen! of clothing. Necessity compels him to the exchange. Such exchanges between individuals, soon extend to entire communities. One barters with his neighbor what he has in excess, for something he cannil so conveniently produce himself, ot this truth, we have only to look this day upon Suieily, Turkey and AfricB, the fairest regions of the earth, (he most hive. Iv anil feiiile portions of tlie l£aDt, which ill aucicHt times alter supplying their own numerous towns and ever.populated cities, furnished Home with its supplies and nourished the hosts of Iter mighty armies.— Those count lies are now peopled hy np- reach the extreme limit of American civilization. The history of our country and of our glorious confederacy can instruct us no further, becauso it is the end ol the present speculation in rcgarJ to our country's future—the territories that may be annexed to our now wide domain—the inarense in nil that will tend to elevate our social and civil condition as a nation and a people ; while, perhaps it would be interesting I will leave it, conceiving that it would be more properly in place at anotlilimp nnd under different circumstances. and which his neighbor holds in ubund. I pressed and needy race*. All the smiles ance. T|io fi.licrman 011 the sea shore. of heaven anil the bounties of tho world, (\changes the product CDl his labor for the 1 would not induce ihem to cultivate an inch game or the furs whiuL llw-imnter has ta. of land beyond w hat is afysululelv nrcessa lien in the forests and among she irmun- ! ry to give them the scanty supply of lodd tains. As population increases, the vur. ' that would t-uve them froin ttarvatior.— ied productions ol that people ulso increase j Hut, what arithmetician con calculate the in a proportionate ratio, until there is on pleasure, or witui pen can describe the satexcess in accumulation. This excess and isluction which sw. lis the hreaiit and (iils abundance creates * necessity for more ! the soul ol the laboring ninn ; when, bv frrcjuent and larger exchange#, until n his unwearied industry, his accumulations whole community or State oro actively ( have 8"tured him a lot of ground upon employed in prochicing, exchanging and which lie has erected a house, and feels semanufacturing. Or in other words, inter euro in believing, this is wy oun—this is nal commerce is everywhere active as a l my liomt, Establish :he princi| le that consequence, necessqplv growing out ol i nun is secure ill the earnings he has occuthe industry and skill of a ninr» extended ' mulaled, and builds a paradise on the community of men, tho increased amount naked rock Alpine rooks answer buck to of their surplus accumulations, and conse- j the lowing of his herds. lie raises up a (juent advanced state of civilization. As wall against the waters of the seo, and the capacities ol individuals differ, so do ploughs his fields below the level of its the sail and cliinutc of different countries waves, lie wiil expose his life, without differ. Civilization, in its advancement, is hesitation, in unhealthy localities, and extended over countries of different soils among the most ferocious savages. As and climates. This difference leads to a sure him that whatever he bus accumulavarictv of fabrics and productions in flif- ted, is his own ; and he will sport uuh it ferent countries, as numerous, as ihe fub- as he would with a doll. lie will venture lies and productions of a single couutiy, ; it all in 0 single vessel, and »it calmly community and State. - llere then we find down while she moves fiom her moorings a necessity for greater anil 11 oro numer- for a voyage of circumnavigation around ous exchanges—a more extended com- the world. He feels that the protection of mo roe. The same principle which gov- Iris country accompanies it with a kind of erned exchanges in the eoily age ol the earthly omuiprcsence, and guards it with world, when civilization first dawned upon a vigils eye in the most remote island ol the mankind in a sparsely populated country, Antartic sen, os if it were safe under his governs exchanges and commerce, when own control, lie docs not hesitate lo veilextended to all the nations of tin? cnrtlr. ture it out upon the mountain billows ol All commerce rests upon accumulation, 'l,e tempest tossed ocean, because he feels then the accumulation of every individual assured that the sheltering wings of the is made by commercial exchanges to bene- law of nations ivill attend it wherever it"1 fit all. Until that exchange is made, ac n,ay U°• sleeps in quietness, though cumulation is of no actual value to him be has upon carrh, is borne upon six who has it. The former who ploughs n inches ol plank, on the bosom of the tin 1 hundred fields, can onnsume no more, the measured waters. Should the raging tern- j manufacturer who produces a million yards peats bury it in tDhe depths ol the tiufalii- ! of cloth, can wear no more, and the pos- omcd deep, he bars provided for himself sessor of a coal mine can sit by a no war- j against ruin by tine agency of those iustiiner fire than his neighbor who, neither tutions, which civilization has devised for ploughs, manufactures or owns coal. He j the purpose of averaging the losses of in. must exchange his corn, his cloth nnd his j dividual# upon tho mass. With llie close of llio history of the United Slates, the student has resulted also the close of the last and third great epoch in the history of the world, and the history ol mankind. It has been said ilrat ''hi-sto-, ry is philosophy teaching by examples."— 01 the truth of this observation, every historical student becomes most fully impres sed, the better he is ncquainted with the history ot the rise, progress, and tall of nations. Kingdoms and governments. No study affords a more fruitful field for the study of philosophy than the field to which the study of history invites the patient student.— And particularly is this truth admitted by the Ameiican historical student, who wo'd be well versed in the history of his own country—well read in the science of the government to which he gives his assent, and throughly acquainted with the reason of the laws on which he depends for his personal protection. By reading ihe histories of Asia, Africa, Europe and America, carefully noting the most irnportaul periods in each, comparing the various governments and the time of their continuance under which the people of those countries have lived with our own, and intellitjently reflecting on the fitness and adaptation of etch, for the wants, and happi ness of mankind, the American siudent often feels the singular importance of the truth, that history is indeed philosophy teaching by examples. The history ot the ancient East has taught mankind that no government could endure, which, by logo! enactment, imposed upon its subjects idolatrous worship. The heaven lowering monuments built by a people thus govern- Taking il for gt tinted tlion, ;liat the me- j fulness of such ail institution is a subject | ( KD well established to require discussion, j 1 linvc tLionylit iliul our (imp, this evening, i c mjIJ not be be11C• r employed, than by dc- j voting our attention to (liediscussion of the iinpirtin.ce of the slutly of con- : at\tcJ with the progress of civilization.— j Tim (-iiiiplt enunciation of the subject ol ; this address, will satisfy all, that, without j (timing at any display, it will be my object i to present the views which I entertain upon it, to those before whom I have the pleasure to appear on this occasion, with the intention of impressing correct opinions and arriving at useful conclusions. 1 i may also add, that the views which I shall present, in a single and necessarily short nddress, on a subject so extensive and important, must, from necessity, be of the most general character. Let me admonish you then, Gentlemen of the Pittston Lyceum, to study that consfitution—study the grana principles- upon which it i» founded—study the history of the world that you may appreciate the superiority of the government with which you are blessed. Our declaration of independence, isthe ark of our political cove. ■Yam. The confederacy of oar thirty-one separate State sovereignties is our Mount Ebal. OiTr constitution of the United State*, is our Mount Gerezim. In the description of that scene of such awftH solemnity narrated in the holy scriptures, there is not a curse pronounced against the people of Mount Ebal, nor a bles8ipg promised to them upon Mount Gerezim, which \\ke rnwy not sufler'or rnjoy from oUr adhe fence to or departure from, the principles of our (feclnration of independence, so nioely interwoven in the textur» of our constitution of the United States. Our acquaintance with the history of other countries and other governments, cannot be loo intimnfe or too critical. Our reflections cannot too often lead us to the comparison of Hu m' with our awn. This historical intelligence and these philosophical acquirements, teaching by examples, cannot be too generally acquire? by the mass of the people. As a people, it will preserve us—as a nation, we'shall be strengthened—and as a government, it will make its foundations as lasting as the eferna) mountains that encircle us about. Tlio -firs: history, then, lo which the student of American history should give his attention, who would becomc thoroughly versed in the hiatory of hid country, is the-history of the Northmen, and their Northern expeditions. Nf.\t, he would di. reel his attention to the study of Irving's history of Columbus. Through it, he would learn the adventurous spirit which sent Columbus and the subjecU of Spain across an unknown sea lo a then unknown world. Through the enterprise of Colum(mis and his hardy, adven'urous followers, he learns that Spanish colonies were plant, ed in Mexico, South America, and the southern portion of the United Slates. In those colonies it \*os that civilization's first spring dawnad upon the western world.— Subsequently, expeditions were fitted out by the English government, to explore the unknown country. They took possession of such portions of the territory as they discovered, and also planted colonic* along the eastern coast of the United States. In later times, tho French government also sent out expeditions to explore the "newworld." They also took possession of such portions of the country as they explored, and planted colonies upon the neuly discovered territory. Tho possessions of the Spanish did not extend north beyond the 33d decree of north latitude. The colonies of the French were fewer than those of their EngVwh neighbors, and their an- The study of history has pver been regarded as an important branch in the education ot the generally educated as well ns the critically learned scholar. Indeed, n thorough knowledge of history has ever been looked upon as forming the brightest ornament in all, who have attained to  distinction as statesmen, and woithy con- I as scholars. It is through this medium that they have conversed with the. | learning and the wisdom of the past, and ! were enabled to raise the curtain which! conceals the future, and form correct conclusions relative to the causes which were operating on the present. Through this \ channel it is, that wo are instructed m the manners, customs and power of nation's and kingdoms, that have long since been nationally,blotted out from the face of the Earth, that were highly distinguished for the great learning of their wise men, and the refinement in everything that distinguished the age in which they existed.— From the historical parts of the bible it is, that the legislator and statesman of the present, learns the oiigin of legal enactments, the practicability ol civil government, and the necessity of municipal compacts. While, at first, civil "government was required only for a single household— then extended to a neighborhood composed of a limited population—then to a larger community of persons and a broadir terriloiy—until, after the lapse of 1800 years, wo now find that the restrainis of legal obligations, and the force of civil political governments are known and observed throughout two thirds of ilia whole earth, ia the progress of time we fTnd that a large portion of Asia, a portion of Africa and no inconsiderable part of -Eastern and South Eastern Europe, were erected into separ. ate and distinct governments, provided with civil rules, regulations or laws; embracing fundamentally, the simple original principle which regulated the domestic affair* of the single household. Agriculture, manufactures and commerce there had their origin, and it was there iheyToofc" their first steps in the humble beginning! which, in the progress of time, advanced 1 to a degree of surprising power and opuD j lent magnificence. There is no portion, of ancient history, which the 6tndent of history in this age of the world, peruses wkh more satisfaction or studies with greater interest, than this. On the same page where he learns the origin of civil, law, he also is taught the necessity for the protection of individual rights—wherever the human family may exist, one of two alternatives must be the result, barbarism or civiliza- ed, are all that remain of that people, and they but tell the folly and inadequacy of such governments. In later times the un- dent and modern history of Europe also has taught mankind, that a government which imposes religious tests, and compels a union of the Church and State, is not adapted to the natural requirements of a democratic government, or the necessities of a republican people. In our oWh noun- sent, unii! the rights of persons and prop fl I  How David Fribe Cured his Wife's Bad erly, in the different kingdoms, wero made partiall-v secure by a kind of civil and mil. i rary potter. It cannot be iline o people, soeli as the historv of the ancient Britairis describes its inhabitants to have been could have been held in subjection, only by the force of military power. Eventually, however, out of the confused mass of their laws which were only customs, admitted by common consent as rules by which they would be governed; a compilation was mad?, abridging those customs and common regulations into a systematic form.— This was the labor of Sir William Black. cient aMy. The next link in the chain of our history is that of TrtrmbttH* which was written in a series of fetters at an early day of the colonies. As a history, Temper. David, a man of meek and kindly spirit, had long suffered from lie clatter-palter, never-ending tongue ol his worse Fialf.r—• Oner day em herb doctor greeted David with a— coal for oilier articles of production or mo- Thus from the records d ancient hi.Cto. ney, which is the representative of all olh- ry we learn tha', from suoh humble begin, er articles, before that which he has accu- nings, commerce gradually -advanced, unmulatcd is of any material service or in- til civilization was extended over the easttrinsic value to him. The association of ern world, and that eastern world became individuals in a community first created the rich garner of untuld wealth and the the necessity for social, civil and municip- seat of great political power: Consequent al government. The associated accumu- i upon the extension of civilization and the lotions of tho different individuals in that j growth and spread of commerce, all that community, in like manner first creatcd ' wus beautiful in art—wonderful in science the necessity of commercial exchanges.— and profound in philosophy, progressed to Such association and accumulation demon- tho highest decree of perfection. VVitle strated the grand principle, which has spread kingdoms grew into powerful magsince been fully established and reduced to j nificence, and a distinguished' people at. an axiom in political'economy, that no man ' traded the admiration oi mankind. Those can promote his own interests, without ad- j kingdoms became more powerfd, and that vancing the interests of his neighbor.— people more distinguished, so long as The same principle which governs the ma. j wealth was managed with judicious cuonoterial world, applies with equal force in ; my, the rights of persons respected und its application to the commercial world.— ; man's accumulations protected. But, when Every particle of hrmttcr in the system of wealth was prostituted for tli« purpose of the universe, is attracted by every other j exqessive luxury and brutal  particle of matter. Not even a mole in ; when the rights of persons were disregsrflie sunbeam, can be displaced, without pro- ded and protection for man's accumulations ducing an cfllct. And it is equally as disrespected ; then it was, thai their govtrue in the operation of commerciul cx- j ernments were dis8oived«-thei* power and changes, that even, the smallest excess or splendor destroyed, and their civil, politidefect in the suppfy of any one article of cal and municipal regulations annihilated, human want, produces an effect—Insensi- The fich and fertile fields of the lovely ble though perhaps it may be—on the ex. and magnificivnl east have beeome barren changes of all other articles. In this way, wastes; its people, once distinguished that benevolent omnipotence which edu-- for learning, wisdom and eloqiience, have ces the harmonious system of the heavens dwindled into comparative insignificance, out of tlie adjusted motions and balanced Their institutions of learning have been masses of its shining orbs, furnisher to the torn down, their commerce lost, nnd their millions of the human race with a like bfc- advancement and civilization known only nevolcnce mid paternal care through a in tho periods of the poet and the story of those letters are but little hnoun j yet, they form an important chapter in the his- try, where idolatrous worship fe prohibited and religious tests recurred only to a limit- ed extent, bat wltere all are permitted "to worship Got! according to the dictates ol the dictates ol their own conscience," civilization, moralky, bgiittulture, manufactures, and commerce Imve advanced with a rapidity and been established in a solidity unknown to any other people and all governments whkih have preceded if In all tins', the student liearns a philosophy which teaches him by undisputed ex'am ''Well, master David, how be you ?" tory of the United States. Although lh«,y precede, yet they form the first chapter in the his'.ory of the American revolution, because they begin at a pornt whore Irving stopped, ana end where Bancroft commen- •'Oh, I be very well, thanks to ye, but my wile's not so very nicely." "Indeed," the gatherer of aim-' jiles, with a quiclt ear Tor an ailment, "what may be the matter wi' she good master David ?" ced. They give a faithful account of the colonists, their feelings towards the mother country, and their early formed determination te resist further aggressions from those by whom thev should be fostered and' pro'- ••Well," said David, in his UsUal quiet way,D "she rave a bad breaking 01H about her mouth every now and then, that troubles her and me Very Sore, I assure ye, master Doctor." stione, and known as the commentaries of the common law of England. He divided them into foqr parts or books. 1st Rights of Persons. 2d. Rights of Things. 3d. Civil injuries arid their remedies, and 4th Public wrongs or crimes and their punishment. These commenfartes were adopted as the conunpn law. They continue Vd be r)io law of the realm until this day, only so far as they have been amended by parliamentary enactments. The common Taw of England is the common law of rhe tJnifed States, only so far as it has'boen varied by tlw enactments of Congress and by the acts of the several Stale legislatures.— Yet, in all fjie parliamentary laws of Eng. land and I lie legMutive enactments of our own country, the great fundamental principlea which the pen of Sir William Blackstone gave to the common law ; are found, by the critical reader of English history, deeply impressed upon t|iem all. pletr,; liral a government which affords to the governed the liberty ol conscience, and ihe largest civil and political rights, is best adopted to the natural wants of mankind. Such a government this philos- tected. Various histories of tile American revolution and of the United States have been written; but, in my henille opinion, that of George Bancroft is the most correct miC1 reliable ot any yet published. It is a faithful history of the revolution, as well as an elaborate historv of the United States. Great research and impartiality is manifest throughout the entire work.- The perspicuity of its styte, the ease and beautiful diction in which the interesting and exciting scenes of the revolutionary war aro described; mark its author as n master mitid, and as on* of flte first historians of the norld. It is a work which shoQld be carefvlly read and re-porused by.every American, and have a place in tlie library of every student. Next, in the order of American historical reading, should be that of the political history of the United Slates. From it, the student wil4' learn the difficullies which' attended the formation of our "Well," said the other, "1 could mate a grand cure of her, I'll warrant—r bavo a salve 'at I makes of the juice o' the junip6r free, and fey biliti' up a Vast lot o' different things ; and it ctirea in almost no time." ophy teaches us we have, by the example of our own. lis growi|i has been steady —its principles more fully developed— its strength continually increasing, and' its practicability so fully demonstrated that it may be regarded as the most fixed and per* manent of amy government on earth. The philosophy of aN history, and the examples of aM governments that have preceded "lndeeii!" said.David, "and what might1 ho yonr charge, now, for a box o' that' iolament as would quite cure her?" "Oh," said the herbalist, "btiljf a matter of a shilling." "Well, that's dirt chdfcp,'' said David.— "If you cure her, I'll give eighteen pence, there now." our own, assure us that it is permanent and must continuo throughout ail time, be. principles of Christianity, morality, intelligence, and a wise and liberal civil and cause its foundations are based upon the "With this offer, the doctor went off to prepare his nostrum, and straightway hied the very next day to David'a house, box in hand. There he fouud Mrs. Pride, and went at once to business. politioal policy. About the common law, then there i» no mystery. It is but a grand compilation of In congratulating the American people upon their meritorious success, Mr. Mbn- "Well, Mrs. Price, your husband told