Punxsutawney Spirit, 1909-01-22

              ' V?. w i j - —! Wbt Jipifit ! I Let Hull* Grow I'or Twelve Years— (ijiiil (Vn'inonics ait Sliett ring. HE MRS COM PUNXSUTAWNEY, PA., FRIDAY EVENING, JANUARY 22, 1909 JII uBiiimtmiw PRICE TWO CENTS {2500 FOR MITCHELL'S DEFENSE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE ON RESOURCES Willi Enthusiasm in Convention When of V, M. W. of A. Arrive*. By United Press. INDIANAPOLIS, Ind„ Jan The wildest enthusinsm probably Hint was ever shown in a convention of WIlllMTE'S LAW III SUING WORLD EMPLOYES REFUBLICAII PRIMARIES TOMORROW Report of National Conservation Committee Is Included. Government Lawyers Have Dis covered Statute That Simplifies Matters. From Two Until Eight O'clock- Will Be Held Throughout the County, $12,000 to Be Spent to Better System-Access to 100,000 Miles of Line. VOL III—NO. 108 MUEE TEIENMECO. IMVEMENS IMPROVED SERVICE ALL AROUHD A FIGHT AGAINST PRIVILEGE THREE CAROIDATES FOR OORGESS SECRECY IS STILL BEING MITH AGED WOMAN KILLED Mrs. Susan Duncan Hun Over by Tin in at Indiana Wt'diicsriny.Being somewhat cI»•;il and unable JEALOUS OF DEAD HUSBAND President Lewis after the report of the auditors, anouneed his eommittees. He did not appoint a scale committee. The important committee chairmanship went to David Irvine of Central Pennsylvania, who was appointed to head the committee on officers' reports; to Harry Bousfield of K inans, who is head of the committee on resolutions, and to Jacob Hitter of Iowa, who was made chairman of the constitution committer. Kdward Harris of the Shamokln anthracite district is the head of the committee on appeals and grievances. Harry Baker, Patrick Fitzslmmons and John Mossop, the national tellers and auditors, will serve as the transportation committee. ] | union laboring men, occurred today when John Mitchell, former president ,of the Union, was presented to the convention this morning. Mitchell arrived from New York Just as the Union had appropriated $2,500 for his defense in the Washington contempt proceedings. The convention was in session but two hours yesterday, adjourning at noon. The national auditors made their special report, showing the distribution of the organization's funds. Tin* auditor's report showed the following: Total Income, $sn<i,8S2.49; total expenditures, $1. 076,033.93; balance on hand December 1, 1908, $595,739.37. We cordially extend our thanks to the honorable court and to the several county officers and superintendent of the county home for courtesies shown us during our sessions. •We find the principal parts of the entire structure of the court house in good condition. That they have passed upon all bills of Indictment laid before them by the District Attorney and have returned the same to your honorable CC Ul't. Ciirii ml Jury Hcrrtmnieiiols T Tlicrc, unci In Hiwmkvlllc Ijockup. * Tho Grand Jury for the regular term of January Court, which was concluded at Urookville this week, in its report to the Court made the following presentments: In addition We have visited and inspected tho several coun'y buildings, to-wit: Court house, jail and countyhome."We fined the cells in the jail used by the borough of Brookvllle as i lockup in an unsanitary condition. We find the jail in a very unsanitary condition; we would recommend that the interior of tho jail, including tho prisoner's cells, be repainted; also, we find the water pipes to be in bad condition; also the roof of the jail needs repairing badly; also, the jail in general being in such bad condition that it is impossible for the sheriff to keep it in proper condition. We would recommend that these repairs be mfc.de as soon as possible. On inspecting the county hoifie we found everything in good condition, except gas fittings in the insane department not safe; we would recommend them put out of reach of the inmates. BEECHWOODS HIGH SCHOOL t > hoar oven the shrill alarm sounded by Engineer Al. Wagle, Mrs. Susan Dunkle, aged 79, was run down and almost instantly killed by tin* eleven o'clock train Wednesday morning, while she was passing the Indiana Ladder Works plant enroute to the h me of her grandson. Charles Duncan, who lives in Mrs. Sue Williard's heme. By a singular coincidence George Duncan, mail carrier in the third ward, was near the Normal st hool when the acciden1 occurred When Mrs. W. D. Bash informed him that thi body had not. been identified, he expressed a fear that it might have l>cen bis grandmother, as Mrs. Duncan was to have reached the \Wiliard home in time for dinner. — Indiana Gazette. Second Wife lias Remains Removed From Side of First Wife's (Jmvo. By United Press. PITTSBURG, Jan. 2 . Unable to sleep, she says, because her husband's body rested in a grave beside the body of his first wife. Mrs. Jame.s Rrvson, wife numoer two, secured an undertaker, and moved the body of her dead husband from the Union Cemetery here to a grave in Butler County. Man Wlio Cfliml Continuance of Robinson Trial at Brook vllle Will llavo to Kxplaln. The conduct of the juror, who was responsible for the abrupt adjournment of the Jefferson County Court Monday, is to be Investigated. Judge Reed, in dismissing the jury indicated what should be done in the case, ir. the following language: "It may be that the juror complained about is an entirely fair and impartial juror, but from the evidence now before the court I feel that a re»son! nble necessity exists for withdrawing the jury and continuing the ease; an 1 also that this alleged intermeddling with the juror should be further investigated; and the District Attorney is directed to make such investigation and if sufficient facts are forthcoming , to justify an indictment against both i v. ... the juror alleged to have been tam- ' J Jan. 22. Hard on p. red with ami the partv approachiag Ihe,'Is "f lhe '"scovery of an an" hlm. or either, that information t,c!ll",: stillut" whk'h wouM Permit the made asalnM one or both of them 1 S,nt's «°vernment to followthat the matter may be brought to u" Investigation of the Pulitzer trial In due course. For the re i -oin ' 'ini,,llit ''anal article by asking the stated the present jury is now u itV,- «'•!<'ru 1 grand jury here for an indrawn and discharged, and the caw "il'ln"''" l"r crlmnal libel under Now Continued." York Stale statutes. United States District Attorney Stimson today issued new subpoenas for J. Angus Shaw, secretary, and William l\ Mc- Laughlin, an editor of the Press Publishing < o. That the Federal officials hero have received hurry-up orders from Washington Is most evident. No: in many years has the Federal prosecutor, in the old post office building shown so gnat a desire to expedite action. Prac! th ally i'Very member of his large staff has been assigned to this one case. District Attorney Jerome, whom th. Federal authorities asked to co-operate with them, was in frequent communieation yesterday with District Attorney Stimson. The subpoenaing of Mr. Shaw and Mr. McDoughlin is regarded as an unusual sign of dispatch on the part of the government. The first subpoenas on these Pulitzer employes v.ere held up by their counsel who asked Judge Ward t<» declare them null and void because the> did not name any defendant. Although Judge Ward has not yet handed down his decision new subpoenas naming the Press Publishing Co. "and others" as ,K. M. Mclfciiry. of Indiana. is Chosen President—J. S. Spce<ly Is SccPciary. Following ar»i tli< namns of those who will be voted for at the primaries tomorrow. As announced in yesterday's Issue 01* the Spirit the name of I). M. Mc- Quown, who was suggested for the nomination of borough auditor was withdrawn too late to permit of' correction and will therefore be on the official ticket. Mr. McQuown hsis requested the voters not to consider him as a candidate at the primaries tomorrow. If there were any who sent nomination* pnpvrs In that werr 7Tfft TTnm^d at the Republican suggestion meeting they will not appear In the list published herewith, as. we have not had access to tin* printed tickets for the various wards. They are proceeding under the law which was in force before the general primaries act was placed on the rtatute books of Pennsylvania. The Democrats of Punxsutawney will hold their suggestions Monday. In the list of names published below will be found all those who were suggested at the Republican caucuses which were held in the borough of I unxsutawe ly on Tuesday night, December 2!*, excepting those -who have since withdrawn. Tomorrow afternoon from 2 to S [ o'clock the Republican primaries for th«- purpose of nominating candidates to be voted for at the coming February election will be held in the six wards comprising Punxsutawney. Republican primaries will be held throughout the county, also, for the selection of candidates for borough and township officers. The Democrats have as yet not held their party caucus throughout the county, but have between this date and Saturday, January 29 to make their selection. The Beechwoods contingent hav put forth every effort to perfect a first-class team and from all reports it heir efforts have not been In vain. They have met and defeated some of the best teams in this section. The local bunch lias improved ma - terially the past couple weeks, their game against Now Bt'thlehem being undoubtedly the best ever put up. The visi'tors are reputed to be as speedy as the Ww Bethlehem bunch, and the team tllat wins will evidently have to go some. Will Piny the l». If. S. Basketball Five Tonight—(inme at 8 O'clock Sharp. Tonight at eight o'clock sharp, at the Auditorium Skating Rink, the Beechwoods High School basketball team will meet the 1'. H. S. in what should prove one of the best games of the season. 6R00KVILLE TITLE AND TRUSTCO. "Wu haven't time to lose," said an official close to Mr. Stlmson yesterday. "We are going right ahead with this cave and don't you forget it." Still more of the mystery surround- InfiT the government's Investigation was i'lea i'ed away when it heeame known that !he Federal DistrU't Attorney will seek to prosecute under the penal mde as it stands today. This wlfl open the way, it was said, for the use of taction li41!, which provides that the publisher of a newspaper containing ail alleged libelous article may be held responsible. Steps are being: taken today compel Mrs. Hryson to return body to its first resting place. Mrs. Uryson will light the suit, and declares that the thought "of h< r husband resfing'in a gruvr beside his first wife, was wrecking her peace of mind. —Jauues Bryson, Jr., In an information, charges hl» step-mother with a 'sepulchre misdemeanor." He says she took the body from its old collln. tilled it with dirt and put the coffin back into the grave. For Burgess: I'. O. Freas, II. C. Campbell, Esq., Alex. Williams. Borough Ollicers Justice ol* tin- Peace: Nelson 1). Corey. Henry \V. Mundorff, John L. POSTPONE ANTI-JAP BILLS HAVE FITTED IIP CL08 ROOMS Continued frojn Page Three BRIGAND GOVfRNOHOFTANGIERS Mask ami Wig flub Makes an Auspicious Beginning—I tidies as Honorary MciiiIhts. auspicious beginning last night, when they held their first meeting In their The Mask and SVig Club made m i new club room in the Eherhurt build- R. M. Matson, president; H. C. Beach, A. D. Deemer, vice presidents; D. L. Taylor, secretary and treasurer, J. E, Oelst, assistant secretary and treasurer. Ohl Board of Directors Was IIc-cIpcI- cd—All Former Ollieers Continued. At the regular meeting this week of the stockholders of the Brookvllle Title & Trust Company the old board' of directors, consisting of U. M. Matson, Gil C. Reltz, H. C. Beach, Q. S. Snyder, A. I>. Deemer, II. . Scott, W. N. Conrad, F. L. Verstine and l>. L. Taylor, were re-elected. The directors, upon organization, reelected all the old officers of the bank, as follows: WELL KOOWI GIRL MARRIED ing, with fifteen members present. At the recent organization of the club, whose purpose is to promote dramatic, musical and social interest i.i the town and community, officers were elected. SECOND EUCHRE AND DANCE Adjusters—Indiana county, William Morrison, Marlon Center; Jefferson county. S. L, Stewart. Grange, Pa. For Indiana county, 1). R. Lewis, of Indiana; Jefferson county, Wlngert i\i Long, of Punxsutaweay. General Agents:—For Indiana county, S. M. Muhlberger, Ambrose; Jefferson county, L. M. Lewis, Punxsuta wney. •S. M. MelTenry. «»f Indiana, pres; 1.. M. Reitz, of Stanton, vice pres.; J. S. Speedy, of Indiana, sec.; Farmers and Miners Trust Co., of Punx- siitawney, treas, ('olleetors: — The Thirty-second Annual Settlemen; of the Patron's Mutual Fire Insurance Company, of .Jefferson and Indiana Counties which was held in the Washington Hotel parlor, yesterday afternoon was completed and the directors, who had been in session for three days, left for their homes. Following the announcement of the general report, which was published in yesterday's Issue of the Spirit, the directors concluded their work by the election for the ensuing year, of olllctrs as follows: The letter quotes the last report of the immigration bureau, for the fiscal year ending- October 190S, to back up this assertion, adding that since then no reports had been issued. "There will be a show-down sooner or later," the letter declare, "and the sooner it comes the better." The League urges the Governor to stand firmly by the anti-Japanese bills, and to pay no heed to President Roosevelt, and to permii no interference to Japan's behalf. The Asiatic Exclusion League, in i fiery letter to Governor Gilleitc, today declared that the statements made by President Itoosevelt that the number of Japanese in ;he Unlteil States is decreasing are untrue. League I'rges (iovernor to Stand Firmly aiul Pay No Attention to President. By Unit. .1 Press. SAM FUAN'i 'ISCi), Jan L'l'. Many advocates of the anti-Japanese bills, who heretofore remained silent during the agitation, began to rush into print today to arouse the people of California in favor of the exclusion of the Japs. Heretofore the company has had more business than could well be handled on the old lines, but the new system will enable them to exchange with all other companies with whom agreements may be consummated. One of the first independent' com- panies to avail themselves of the advantages of exchange privileges with \ the Summerville will be the Sandy tin ion and Brady Township Telephone Company, of Clearfield County. This company is now installing what is known as the metallic circuit, and their lines win connect with the Suinmerille at a point near Jefferson Line, south of DuBois. At the recent meeting of the stockholders of the Farmers' Telephone ■Company at Marion Center, the subject of an exchange agreement w ith the Summerville company receive I much attention, and the belief Is general that the two companies are almost sure to effect a deal. The Summerville company already has exchange agreements that will give them access to at least 100,000 miles of telPphone lines, and the connections will be made as soon as the local company gets Improvements completed, which will be a few months at most. Last fall, at an opportune moment, when the material coulel be purchased most advantageously, Dr. J. A. Haven, of Brookvllle, general manager of the company, bought a carload of copper, 34,000 pounds, all told. The material was to have been used next spring, but owing to the mildness of the winter, work has already been begun on the repairs and extensions. wire between Reynoldsville and Panic- Outside Superintendent William Wingert anel a crew of ten men are now repairing poles and stringing the to connect the Summerville main line. When that part of the work is completed, Punxsutawney and Reynoldsville will be connected up by a five-line system. Similar additions will be made between Punxsutawney and DuBois, Punxsutawney and Brookvllle, Brookvllle and Reynolelsville, Brookvllle and Summerville, and Punxsutawney and home oflfjee of the company. three pairs ,of patrons to conduct a | Included among the most valuable i Improvements to be adopted by the Summerville Telephone Company, is what is known as the "phantom" coil. By this device it is possible for conversation over the same wire at the same time, without interefering vwith one another. I The adoption of the new system will enable the company 'to handle, satisfactorily, several times the amount of business of former years, while the service will, at the same time, be greatly improved. Those who have had an opportunity to test the new lines, say 'that the change insures a perfect medium of communi- cation. The Summerville Telephone Company, one of the best institutions of the kind, a rock-ribbed, independent and thoroughly up-to-date in all matters pertaining to equipment, has just concluded arrangements 'to spend about $12,000 on extensions and repairs on its lines connecting Punxsutawney, Reynoldsville, DuBois, Brookvllle and Summerville, and intermediate) towns, while negotiations are now culminating that will give their patrons access to Pittsburg, Butler, Kittanning, New Castle and all towns in Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio. MEIT FOR A HEW By United Pres. WASHINGTON, I>. C., Jan. 22.  "It i.s high time to realize that our responsibility to the coming millions is like that of parents to their children, and that, ih wasting our resources we are wronging our descendants." In forceful language like this, j President Roosevelt today sent to Congress a special message upon the subject of the conservation of the country's natural resources, together with the report submitted to him by the National Conservation Commission.The report is the result of the labors performed by the Coirvmisssion since the great gathering of governors at the White House and proves conclusively that the forests, the minerals, th ' lands and the waters of the United States, are being exploited for present-day gain, and that the end of all things that go to make our country's greatness Is not only fast approaching, but is practically in Mght. The President urges that the broad plan for the development of our wat• rways recommended by the Inland Waterways Commission, be put Into effect without delay, and that the development of water power be guarded most zealously by the Federal and State governments, he commends to < 'imgress the conclusions found by the Conservation Commission relating to the protection of frests against fire and their yield of reasonable taxes; and he advocates fhe repeal of the timber and stone act and the commutation clause of the homestead Jaw. He favors the use of the grazing lands and the mineral, timber, coal, oil and gas lands under such conditions as will bes: protect the rights of the Government and posterity, and concludes by advocating concurrence between the states and the National Government in all matters pertaining to tlie protection of natural resources, urging the appropriation of at least $50,000 for the expenses of the National Conservation Commission.Incomplete, the President admits, the inventory of the country's natural resources submitted by the Commission to lie, but that, he holds, is no excuse for putting off decisive action."We cannot let. r action." he say?*, "until complete accuracy in the estimates can be reached, because before that time many of our resources will be practically As it stands, it i; an Irrefutable truth that the conservation of our resourct s is the fundamental question before this nation, and that our firs; and greatest task Is to set our house in order and begin to 11v« within our means. . "We know that our population Is now adding about one-fifth to lis numbers in ten years, and that by the middle of the present century perhaps one hundred and fifty million Americans, and by its end. many millions more, must be fed and clothed from the products of the soil. "There arc differences of opinion as to many public questions; but Un- American people stand nearly as .i ur.it for waterway development and for forest protection. "We know that our mineral resources once exhausted are gone forever, and that the needless waste of them costs us hundreds <»f human lives and (Continued on page ihret.) COREY 10 iff DORM C lilcngo star aii'I Italian Will llace Over IHrt Truck For f>ls« lance of -<» Allies. During the Intermission a substantial luncheon was served. Miss Houssiere and Ernest Dock furnished the music, to the eminent satisfaction of everybody present. Following the conclusion of the euchre dancing was enjoyed until one o'clock. Thirty-four couples enjoyed euchi" from nine until eleven o'clock. Mrs. Howard North, by winning ten goines out of twelve, copra lied the ladles' prize, while Lee Reishell was awarded the gentleman's prize. ICiijoyttble A flair lleld In the Itooins of the Iroquois Club. The second of a series of mid-winter social affairs was held last night by the Iroquois Club. He therefore repaired to the great mosque of Muley Drls, and the imposing ceremony was witnessed by his numerous admirers. His hair, which in the course of twelve years, had attained a length of about half a yard, was duly shorn, but Ralsuli preserved a small portion of his beard. .'t is now reported that Kaisuli intends lo renounce the British protection, which \\>as formerly of such value to him. Now, however, events have permitted him to redeem his oath, as he has acquired influence with Muley Hatid, and has been appointed to succeed Abd-es-Sadek, paying tlie respectable bribe of 2,000,000 francs for the dignity.Then not only came his liberation, but he obtained the post of Governor of the Kabyles, outside Tangier. He at once thought he would be able to rid himself of his Mowing locks, but he had still powerful enmies at the court of Fez, and he had to postpone the ctjremony. Special to The Spirit. PA IMS, .Ian. i!.—Raisuli, the former brigand, now a person of considerable consequence as Governor of Tangier, was the chief actor at Fez recently in a quaint ceremony. Many years ago, when, for his misdeeds, the robber was Imprisoned by his enemy, Abdcs-Sadek, he swore o..- the holy patron of Fez that he would never cut his iliair until he had had revenge. For seven years, loaded wit fetters, he languished in the dark prison of Mogador. ISO DROWNED II MIKE .Miss Lillian Fireman, of DuBois. For- merly F/inploycd 111 This City » Bride. Miss Lillian Fireman, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Fireman, of Du- Bois, who has a host of friends in Punxautawney, having, some years ago, been employed as bookkeeper and stenographer in the office of J. L. Fisher, and later at Freas' Cyclery, and Fred Pond, of Rochester, were united in marriage at 'the home of the bride's parents at It o'clock yesterday morning. The ceremony was performed by Dr. J. C. McDonald. The bride has been a resident of DuBois for many years, and is well known and popular, especially among the young folks, says the DuBois Courier. The groom is assistant to bridge engineer of the B., R. & P.. with headquarters at Rochester. He was located here some time ago, holding the position of mastelr carpenter of this division, and Is well known. The many friends of the couple wish them a happy and prosperous wedded life. » l'ISTIC SHOW roll MINKKS WASH INGTOX, l>. ('.. Jan. 22.--- James B. Phelan, former mayor «»f San Francisco, told Preslde.it Roose- velt today that without a doubt the California Legislature would postpone action on the objectionable auti-Japanese measure until the next regular session two years hence, in order to enable a "count of noses" by the State, and probably the Federal authorities.This count will be made in order to determine whether Japanese immigration Is decreasing or increasing.Phelan told the newspaper men here that the President is doing all in his power to restrict Japanese immigration.THE WEATHER WASHINGTON, D. C., Jan. 22.— The following was Issued by the Unite© States Weather Forecaster today: Rain tonight and Saturday. Great local interest is manifested in the match because while Corey has never before run as a professional he won the last Illinois Athletic club Marathon, defeating a tield of eighty. In addition he ran second in the St. Louis Marathon and was defeated in a long distance race at Tonkers, N. V., by John J. Hayes only after having run two miles off the course. CHICAGO, III., Jan. 22—Followers <>f atheletics in Chicago and vicinity are on edge hi anticipation of the race to.light between Do rand n Pietrl. the Italian long distance runner, and Albert L . Corey, the Chicago star. The two nre to race over a dirt track in the old Dexter Park pavilion for the Olympic Marathon distance of 26 miles and 385 yards. INDIANA POL IS, nd„ Jan. 22. — A good boxing show has boon arranged for the Auditorium tonight for the entertainment of the delegates tn the United Mine Workers' convention. The show will be the first given In Indianapolis since the authorities prohibited hoxng more than a year ago. As a consequence the sporting element is hopeful that the "lid" may soon be lifted so as to permit regular limitedround bouts. a ■"* « .A* Twenty ladles' new suits arrived this morning on which we can save you 25 per cent. They are of good style and nice fabric. J. B. Eberhart Co., Ltd.—1. By United Press. UNIONTOWNT, Jan. 22.—A Hungarian paper published at Budapest, which has been received here, says that Peter Rutsek. the missing banker of Connellsvllle, is In jail in Budapest, and will be held there until word has been received from the Fayette County authorities. The roster now includes "Messrs. K. R. Hammers, M. R. Brown, W. H. Adams, B. Rosenberg, Wood Maize, Edward Bodle, Harry Nickerson, F. L. Carter, Lester Lewis G. F. Gray, D. X. Conn, A. G. Rosenthal, M. Gilbloom, W. McMlllen,. E. M. Dock, C. Myers, T. M. Shearer, Ray Bowers, E. Walsh J. D. Young, 8. McGinnls, W. B. McGinnls, H. North, 8. Handy, T. Sullivan, P. J. Gray, E. Hoyland, A. Eberhart, C. B. Gleckler. The club has undoubtedly started of with a vim that is bound to make things go, and if present indications count the Mask and Wig Club of Punxsutawney will be a.i organization of which the town may well be proud. By a unanimous vote it was decided to take in thirty honorary lady members, these to be selected from the town's best thespian and singing talent. * Ladies' night will occur twice each month, at which time the female members will have free swi.ig in the club room. The club has fitted up, on the third floor of the Ebcrhart building, a 100m for meeting and social Intercourse, In the most improved style. Comfortable lounging chairs, tables, games, etc., are in evidence, and several periodicals, daily papers, etc., have been subscribed for. In fact everything that would tend to make the room an attractive and enjoyable place to spend the evening, has been inaugurated.To the previous staff was last night added Timothy Sullivan, vii «• president, and Wood .Maize, as- sistant secretary. The mine was Hooded aft the result of the bursting of several dams which were used for washing gold-bearing sand. Kniglit Mine In South Africa Is Flooded hy Hursling of Several Dams. By United Press. JOHANNESBURG, Jan. 22. — Ten white miners and 150 natives were drowned today by the flooding of the Knight Mine in the Wltswaters Hand district. The Council men declare they have been ready for trial for three weeks, and are beginning to chafe under the delay. District Attorney Blakeley is credited with saying that he does not wish to try the caseir until after the mayoralty election, in order that no suspicion of "playing politics" ban had against his office. Pittsburg Couiieilmtm Indicted for Bribery Declare They Have Been , Heady for Three Weeks. By United Press. PITTSBURG, Jan. 22.—Attorneys representing the seven city councilmen indicted on charges of bribery and conspiracy, appeared in Criminal Court todgy and demanded an immediate tr flairoNhcL-wasshownqi-tzlOfl diate trial, but their plea was denied.ainV.- '£&.«*• "... . <4 ' • iJgRj 0X P m >t P:WP:1 ' < i-'~ 1 (raws? v